Classification of Zintl Ion Clusters using 4n Series Approach

Abstract

Zintl ion clusters have the industrial potential for possible applications. A good understanding of such clusters in terms of their bonding, structures and chemical reactivity is extremely important. This paper attempts to categorize and predict the shapes of Zintl clusters of simple to medium nuclearity using the 4n series method.

A Hypothetical Model for the Formation of Transition Metal Carbonyl Clusters Based upon 4n Series Skeletal Numbers

“…Furthermore, it makes it easier to deduce whether or not clusters obey the 18-electron rule. The observation of behavior of k values in the hydrocarbons involving the addition of hydrogen atoms to skeletal carbon fragments (Kiremire, 2016e) have triggered the need to observe the behavior of k values by adding the carbonyl (CO) ligands to transition metal skeletal fragments. The impact of this work has been to introduce the concept of assigning skeletal numbers to the atoms of the main group elements and the transition metals.…”

Categorization and Structual Determination of Simple and More Complex Carbonyl Clusters of Rhenium and Osmium Using K-Values and the Cluster Table

“…The cluster number, k-value for a carbonyl cluster is calculated [1][2][3][4][5] using the empirical formula k = ½ (E-V). By analyzing the cluster numbers, it has been possible to discern the latent infinite world of series of clusters for elements which obey the 18-electron rule or 8-electron rule(octet rule).…”

Graph Theory of Chemical Series and Broad Categorization of Clusters

“…The existence of cluster series was also detected and implied through the work of Wade (Wade, 1976), Mingos (Mingos, 1987) and the correlation of cluster symmetries by Rudolph (Rudolph, 1976). This is confirmed by the current work of applying skeletal numbers derived from the 4n series method (Kiremire, 2015b) which clearly indicate the existence of a whole vast universe of clusters linking up naked metallic elements to metal carbonyls (Kiremire, 2016b), metalloboranes (Kiremire, 2016c), Zintyl ions (Kiremire, 2016d), carboranes and other heteroboranes, boranes, and main group element clusters (Kiremire, 2017c). Using the skeletal numbers, a cluster comprising of a mono-skeletal element to a giant one of several hundred skeletal elements can readily be decomposed and represented by a single number now referred to as a cluster number Kor [K(n)parameter] (Kiremire, 2017b).…”