Classification of Potential Breast/Colorectal Cancer Cases Using Machine Learning Methods

Abstract

Background: The algorithmic classification of infected and healthy individuals by gene expression has been a topic of interest to researchers in numerous domains, including cancer. Several studies have presented numerous solutions, such as neural networks and support vector machines (SVMs), to classify a diverse range of cancer cases. Such classifications have provided some degrees of accuracy, which highly depend on optimization approaches and suitable kernels. Objectives: This study aimed at proposing a method to classify cancer-prone and healthy cases under breast cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC), using machine learning methods efficiently, increasing the accuracy of the classification process. Methods: This study presented an algorithm to diagnose individuals prone to breast cancer and CRC. The novelty of this algorithm lies in its suitable kernel and the feature extraction approach. By the application of this algorithm, this study first identified the genes closely associated with these types of cancers and, then, tried to find individuals susceptible to the concerned cancers using SVM. The present study highlighted the indirect gene expressions associated with these cancers, which might show health status complications for the patients. To this end, the algorithm consists of SVMs in conjunction with the k-fold method for validation. Results: The results confirmed the superior performance of this approach, compared to the common neural networks. The algorithm’s identification accuracy values were 98.077% and 99.806% for breast cancer and CRC, respectively. The graphic representation of the cause-effect relationships was also provided to help researchers better understand the trend of cancer or other types of diseases. Conclusions: The feature extraction method highly affects the accuracy of the classification. In addition, relying on indirect disease-triggering genes’ expressions highlights a cause-effect relationship between genes and diseases. Such relationships can form Markov models in the clinical domain leading to treatment paths and prediction of patient outcomes.

Refining breast cancer biomarker discovery and drug targeting through an advanced data-driven approach

“…Our research has unveiled a range of additional genes with promising roles in BC, as determined through GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. These include RARRES2 (Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2) [ 62 ], AKR1C3 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3) [ 57 ], SPP1 (Secreted Phosphoprotein 1) [ 63 ], CIDEC (Cell Death-Inducing DFFA-Like Effector C) [ 64 ], CD36 (Cluster of Differentiation 36) [ 59 ], and MMP1 (Matrix Metallopeptidase 1) [ 65 ]. These genes contribute to the intricate molecular framework of BC, offering new avenues for exploration and potential therapeutic intervention.…”