Classification of Migraine and Tension Headache from a Survey of 10,000 Headache Diaries

Cohen, Michael J.; McArthur, David L.

doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1981.hed2101025.x

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…ped from the subsequent analyses. This finding was contrary to that of other researchers 25,26 who have generally reported that the type of headache is related to frequency and severity.…”

Section: Notescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Locus of Control, Assertiveness, and Anxiety as Personality Variables in Stress‐Related Headaches

Jones¹,

Page²

1986

Headache

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SYNOPSIS The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between locus of control, assertiveness, and anxiety, on one side and headache frequency and severity, on the other. The data were obtained by questionnaires (Rotter Locus of Control Scale, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and a Headache Questionnaire), completed by 222 undergraduate psychology students. A significant correlation was found between anxiety and headache but it was weaker than might be expected considering that headache is commonly viewed as a physiological sign of anxiety. None of the permutations of the personality variables (e.g. internal, more assertive, and less anxious) was useful in predicting or discriminating between the frequency or severity of headache. Perceived internal locus of control and assertiveness were shown to suppress reported anxiety, but only to a minor extent. Unassertiveness was shown to be significantly related to headache severity, only for those subjects with weekly headaches. The discrepancy between reported anxiety and physiological anxiety was discussed and the utility of current self‐report measures in headache research was questioned. Future research should concentrate on investigating the hypothesis that denial is an important component in many self‐report personality measures.

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“…ped from the subsequent analyses. This finding was contrary to that of other researchers 25,26 who have generally reported that the type of headache is related to frequency and severity.…”

Section: Notescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Locus of Control, Assertiveness, and Anxiety as Personality Variables in Stress‐Related Headaches

Jones¹,

Page²

1986

Headache

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“…On the average, and in accordance with the severity model, patients diagnosed as having migraine headache labeled their more severe headaches as migraine and their less severe headaches as muscle contraction headaches. 19 A principal components analysis of symptoms in migraine patients 20 also suggested a distinction between the two headache entities within the same patient.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Absolute and Proportional Resting EMG Levels in Muscle Contraction and Migraine Headache Patients

1983

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SYNOPSIS In this study, resting EMG levels were measured in the frontalis and temporalis muscle in patients suffering from muscle contraction headache, migraine, or mixed muscle contraction‐migraine headache. The EMG levels of these groups were never significantly higher than those of a control group of subjects without headaches. Significantly higher levels, however, were found in both muscles in the migraine and mixed headache groups if the resting EMG levels were expressed as a percentage of the EMG level during maximal contraction. There was a tendency for proportional EMG levels of both muscles in the muscle contraction headache group to be significantly elevated. Headache patients generally showed lower maximal EMG levels than control subjects. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the etiology of the headaches. It is concluded that proportional EMG levels are a better index of the state of contraction than absolute EMG levels and are preferable in investigations of headache.

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“…As a consequence many researchers have recently proposed alternative systems of classification. [15][16][17] Despite the considerable amount of discussion which has centered on headache classification a basic question remains: Have the various classification systems failed or have investigators failed to utilize the systems correctly? The following section will attempt to answer this question by focusing on the utilization of the Ad Hoc system by researchers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Head Pain: An Idiographic Approach to Assessment and Classification

Thompson

1982

Headache

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The headache literature is characterized by controversy regarding theoretical explanations, pain mediating processes and treatment efficacy. The present paper reviews past assessment and classification practices within this literature. The data suggest that inadequate adherence to the diagnostic scheme originally proposed by the Ad Hoc Committee on Classification of Headache has resulted in major nosological errors. Thus, the literature presents a confusing array of inconsistent results and inconclusive investigations. Criteria for classification of head pain are provided and the utilization of more sophisticated assessment methodology advocated. It is hypothesized that an idiosyncratic analysis of head pain parameters will eventuate in the empirical delineation of well-defined subgroup populations of migraine, muscle-contraction, psychogenic, and combined headache patients. (Headache 22:221-232, 1982) Headache is currently one of the most active areas of scientific investigation. Clinical, experimental, and theoretical activity has prolifereated in attempts to understand the pain mediating processes of head pain as well as select optimal treatment interventions. A number of recent reviews have appeared, 1-10 but contradictory conclusions have been reached. 11,12 For example, in regard to treatment strategy, some investigators equate the efficacy of biofeedback and relaxation training for "tension headache," 4,9 while others do not. 10,11 In addition, investigators have also reached different conclusions regarding the effectiveness of blood volume pulse feedback training for migraine. 2,4 Furthermore, disagreement about physiological mechanisms of headache exist as well. For example, the traditional view of "tension headache" has been attacked 8 and disagreement concerning pain mechanisms for migraine are also evident. 2,13 Thus, the recent proliferation of headache research has failed to produce consistent findings and conclusions.There is agreement among reviewers that several methodological issues may account for some of the discrepant data noted above. These have included subject variables, procedural variables, outcome measures, questionable data interpretations, and many other problems. While these critiques are certainly valid, a primary methodological concern -assessment -has not received adequate attention. As mentioned previously, the headache literature is primarily concerned with the pain mediating processes of headache and selection of optimal treatment strategies. However, before one can answer these questions, the accurate identification of the clinical phenomenon of interest is necessary. In other words, operationalization of criteria and appropriate classification of headache types must precede attempts to identify pain mediating processes and optimal treatment modalities. Furthermore, accurate utilization of diagnostic and nosological criteria is essential for any investigation of headache. An analysis of these past assessment practices may help explain the origin of some of the current confu...

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Classification of Migraine and Tension Headache from a Survey of 10,000 Headache Diaries

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

Locus of Control, Assertiveness, and Anxiety as Personality Variables in Stress‐Related Headaches

Locus of Control, Assertiveness, and Anxiety as Personality Variables in Stress‐Related Headaches

Absolute and Proportional Resting EMG Levels in Muscle Contraction and Migraine Headache Patients

Diagnosis of Head Pain: An Idiographic Approach to Assessment and Classification

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