Classification of heavy metal ions present in multi-frequency multi-electrode potable water data using evolutionary algorithm

Abstract

Access to potable water for the common people is one of the most challenging tasks in the present era. Contamination of drinking water has become a serious problem due to various anthropogenic and geogenic events. The paper demonstrates the application of evolutionary algorithms, viz., particle swan optimization and genetic algorithm to 24 water samples containing eight different heavy metal ions (Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn, Ar, Cr and Ni) for the optimal estimation of electrode and frequency to classify the heavy metal ions. The work has been carried out on multi-variate data, viz., single electrode multi-frequency, single frequency multi-electrode and multi-frequency multi-electrode water samples. The electrodes used are platinum, gold, silver nanoparticles and glassy carbon electrodes. Various hazardous metal ions present in the water samples have been optimally classified and validated by the application of Davis Bouldin index. Such studies are useful in the segregation of hazardous heavy metal ions found in water resources, thereby quantifying the degree of water quality.

Heavy Metal/Toxins Detection Using Electronic Tongues

“…The impedance data were recorded as single-electrode multi-frequency, single-frequency multi-electrode, and multi-electrode multi-frequency. Assisted by GA, authors could improve the cross-sensitivity of electrodes by selecting the best frequency and electrode combination [66,67]. A fuzzy logic system proposed by Turek et al overcomes both calibration and laborious data pre-treatment problems faced in PCA, PLS, or ANN analysis.…”

Tuning the Electrical Properties of Electrospun Nanofibers with Hybrid Nanomaterials for Detecting Isoborneol in Water Using an Electronic Tongue

“…Therefore, the presence of these compounds in drinking water must be monitored and controlled by highly sensitive and easy handling instrumentation. Multi solid-state sensor arrays as electronic tongues (e-tongues) can fulfill these requirements, once they make use of the global selectivity concept, in which a set of sensors is able to classify complex solutions, even with similar composition, without the requirement of specific interactions [12][13][14][15]. An important aspect is the design and composition of the sensing layers of the e-tongues [15][16][17][18][19], which can provide a different analytical profile for each analyzed solution.…”

Identification of watershed preference management areas under water quality and scarcity constraints: case of Jhajjar district watershed, India

“…The present-day agricultural practices, industrialization, urbanization and rising water demands are putting increasing pressure on the quality of both surface and groundwater resources. Further, climatic conditions-rainfall and temperature and their altered patterns are impacting the water cycle and natural recharge processes (Mall et al 2007;Kumar et al 2014;Karkra et al 2017). The cumulative impact of these factors has resulted in the depletion of the groundwater table in aquifers around the world.…”