Classification of barberry genotypes by multivariate analysis of biochemical constituents and HPLC profiles

Abstract

Introduction Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of edible barberry and their extracts as a source of natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical industries. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical constituents of 18 samples of barberry fruits and classification of barberry genotypes by multivariate analysis. Methods Total phenolic, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, total tannin, total carbohydrate contents and antioxidant activity were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, colorimetric, vanillin, anthron and DPPH (2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) assays, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system is used for quantitative determination of phytochemical constituents. The multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) and heat map data visualisation techniques were performed to classify barberry genotypes using Minitab and GraphPad Prism software, respectively. Results The highest amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids were obtained in fruit extracts of G3 (Berberis vulgaris). The highest total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity were observed in G8 (B. vulgaris) and G16 (B. vulgaris), respectively. HPLC analysis of phytochemicals (gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p‐coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, rutin, apigenin, and quercetin) revealed that gallic acid and p‐coumaric acid were found as the most abundant phytochemical compounds. Based on multivariate analysis and heat map visualisation techniques, Berberis genotypes were classified into three main clusters. Conclusions These results showed that barberry species (especially B. vulgaris and B. carataegina) are promising sources of natural antioxidants and biochemical compounds beneficial to be used in the food industry and that the multivariate analysis was a suitable approach to classify the barberry samples.

Comparison of two wild‐grown Berberis varieties based on biochemical characterization

“…According to results of this study, B. crataegina was found better in terms of phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Gholizadeh‐Moghadam et al (2019) reported phenolic content and the antioxidant activity in different barberry species which is in agreement with our present results.…”

“…integerrima (Gholizadeh-Moghadam et al, 2019). The results of this study is in accordance with the literature.…”

“…In the study of Gundogdu (2013), DPPH • method is performed and the antioxidant capacity of the barberry fruits was determined as 8.731 µmol TE g −1 . Gholizadeh‐Moghadam, Hosseini, and Alirezalu (2019) studied on B. vulgaris and found the antioxidant capacity between 13.20% and 56.84%. Sharifi and Poorakbar (2015) determined the antioxidant activity of fresh barberry and found it 44.62 ± 0.99 in DPPH method.…”

“…In the study of Ayas et al (2017), it is found as 1,380.6 1/IC50 (the reverse of the fresh plant value in terms of mg which inhibits 50% of the 1 g DPPH radical) in DPPH method. In a study, it is reported that B. vulgaris and B. crataegina shows higher antioxidant activities than B. integerrima (Gholizadeh‐Moghadam et al, 2019). The results of this study is in accordance with the literature.…”

Fruit phytochemical composition and color parameters of 21 accessions of five Rosa species grown in North West Iran

“…Several previous studies reported that HCA heat-maps can be an applicable approach for classification among genotypes based on phytochemical compounds. [82][83][84]…”