“…Hydrologically oriented macroinvertebrate indices of various kinds have been developed in several parts of the world, though mainly in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe. They include the Lotic‐invertebrate Index for Flow Evaluation (LIFE) (Extence et al, 1999), the Canadian Ecological Flow Index (CEFI) (Armanini, Horrigan, Monk, Peters, & Baird, 2011), the New Zealand version of LIFE (LIFE‐NZ) (Greenwood, Booker, Smith, & Winterbourn, 2016), the Drought Effect of Habitat Loss on Invertebrates (DEHLI) index (Chadd et al, 2017), the Monitoring Intermittent Streams (MIS) index (England et al, 2019), the Biodrought Index (Straka et al, 2019), the Hellenic Flow Index (ELF) (Theodoropoulos, Karaouzas, Vourka, & Skoulikidis, 2020) and the Costa Rican version of LIFE (Quesada‐Alvarado, Umaña‐Villalobos, Springer, & Picado‐Barboza, 2021). Collectively, these indices have served diverse applications: assessing ecological responses to channel modification (Dunbar et al, 2010), flow regulation (Almeida, Merino‐Aguirre, & Angeler, 2013; Armanini et al, 2014), water extraction (Bradley, Streetly, Farren, Cadman, & Banham, 2014; Streetly et al, 2014), drought (Monk, Wood, Hannah, & Wilson, 2008; White et al, 2019), stream drying (Sarremejane, Stubbington, Dunbar, Westwood, & England, 2019; Wilding, White, Chadd, House, & Wood, 2017) and environmental flows (Gillespie, Kay, & Brown, 2020); differentiating effects of pollution from those of hydrological variation (Clews & Ormerod, 2009; Theodoropoulos et al, 2020); indicating stream perenniality or intermittence (Straka et al, 2019, 2021); identifying those streamflow characteristics that appear to most influence macroinvertebrate assemblages (Monk et al, 2006; Worrall et al, 2014) and licensing water abstractions (Wilding et al, 2017).…”