Classification of ANFO samples based on their fuel composition by GC–MS and FTIR combined with chemometrics

Suppajariyawat, Praew; Elie, Mathieu; Baron, Mark; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Jose

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.001

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The FT‐IR spectra of ANFO 1 and ANFO 2 samples confirm the vibrational modes of ammonium ion and nitrate ion (Table 3); N‐H tension‐flexion and N‐O tension‐flexion, respectively 24). However, according to the origin of manufacture, ANFO shows differences in bands over 1000 cm ‐1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Volatile Organic Compounds, Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples

Garzón-Serrano

Sierra

Rodríguez-Bejarano

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Ammonium nitrate fuel oil is an explosive mixture found in most antipersonnel landmines (APL) buried throughout the Colombian territory. During more than 50 years of internal conflict, the Colombian government has found that trained dogs are the most effective method to detect APL. However, the olfactive signature in ANFO is unknown and also if there are differences in detection related to the explosive manufacturing origin. Therefore, this work begins with the analytical validation of the method used to determine ammonia, in its derivatized form as carbamate, released by home‐made ANFO using HS‐SPME‐GC‐FID. Once validated, the method was used to identify ammonia and other organic volatile compounds present in ANFO, under laboratory and simulated field conditions. The validation process includes the evaluation of the optimum conditions for the derivation and extraction of butylcarbamate, the determination of the working ranges with linear response in FID, the limits of detection and quantification, the sensitivity, and the precision. The results of the validation established linearity and sensitivity in a concentration between 20 and 120 mg/L, as well as low limits of detection and quantification of 6.4 and 21.4 mg/L, respectively. Also, an intermediate precision of 11% for butylcarbamate with a repeatability of 8%. The validated method showed in real samples of home‐made ANFO besides ammonia, the presence of low molecular methylamines, and also exhibited differences in volatile compositions according to the origin. The objective of this work is to offer a reliable analytical methodology for the extraction and analysis of volatile compounds from ANFO.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Volatile Organic Compounds, Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples

Garzón-Serrano

Sierra

Rodríguez-Bejarano

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…Recently, a study that combined GC-MS and FT-IR for ANFO samples, made with different kinds of diesel through a principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), showed that the components farnesane, norpristane, phytane, and four fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) provided different degrees of discrimination of the ANFO samples. Additionally, this study demonstrated that chemometric analysis is a useful tool to find the differences among samples like ANFO explosives [50].…”

Section: Analysis Of Volatile Organic Compounds (Vocs) Released By Anmentioning

confidence: 74%

Detection of antipersonnel landmines containing ANFO-based explosive: A review

et al. 2020

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After an internal conflict that lasted over half a century, the detection and removal of antipersonnel landmines in Colombia have become cumbersome challenges. Antipersonnel landmines remain scattered in Colombia and with a considerable impact on the central-western region. Most of these devices are handmade (therefore, they can also be classified as improvised explosive devices) and composed of ammonium nitrate and fossil fuel blend, a mixture known as ANFO. Due to several unique factors, including concealment tactics and non-conventional manufacturing techniques employed by guerrilla fighters, the most efficient method for the detection of ANFO-based antipersonnel landmines is the use of trained canines. This review aims at describing the current chemical strategies used in the detection of ANFO-based antipersonnel landmines. First, a detailed description of the different techniques used in the detection of explosives is made. Then, all the strategies reported in the world for antipersonnel landmines detection are described. Finally, the importance of the use of canines for antipersonnel landmines detection is explained.

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“…Detonation of mining explosives uses mixtures such as ammonium nitrate -fuel oils (AN-FO), Amonex-1, and Majdanit 10, which produce high quantities of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides (mainly NO 2 ) as their byproducts, amongst other chemicals and gases [76,77]. AN-FO are low-cost N-based explosives commonly used in both pit and open cast mines; they contain 94.5% ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) and 5.5% fuel oil, which are delivered separately and only mixed at the mining site prior to denotation, hence a great contributor to N contamination [78]. Their resistance to water affords most of the residual NH 4 NO 3 a chance to buildup in the mine tailings, eventually dissolving in water over time and causing high NO 3 − concentrations in mine wastewaters [79].…”

Section: Nitrate Contamination From Mining Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate Water Contamination from Industrial Activities and Complete Denitrification as a Remediation Option

Moloantoa

Khetsha

Heerden

et al. 2022

Water

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Freshwater is a scarce resource that continues to be at high risk of pollution from anthropogenic activities, requiring remediation in such cases for its continuous use. The agricultural and mining industries extensively use water and nitrogen (N)-dependent products, mainly in fertilizers and explosives, respectively, with their excess accumulating in different water bodies. Although removal of NO3 from water and soil through the application of chemical, physical, and biological methods has been studied globally, these methods seldom yield N2 gas as a desired byproduct for nitrogen cycling. These methods predominantly cause secondary contamination with deposits of chemical waste such as slurry brine, nitrite (NO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are also harmful and fastidious to remove. This review focuses on complete denitrification facilitated by bacteria as a remedial option aimed at producing nitrogen gas as a terminal byproduct. Synergistic interaction of different nitrogen metabolisms from different bacteria is highlighted, with detailed attention to the optimization of their enzymatic activities. A biotechnological approach to mitigating industrial NO3 contamination using indigenous bacteria from wastewater is proposed, holding the prospect of optimizing to the point of complete denitrification. The approach was reviewed and found to be durable, sustainable, cost effective, and environmentally friendly, as opposed to current chemical and physical water remediation technologies.

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Classification of ANFO samples based on their fuel composition by GC–MS and FTIR combined with chemometrics

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Volatile Organic Compounds, Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples

Volatile Organic Compounds, Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples

Detection of antipersonnel landmines containing ANFO-based explosive: A review

Nitrate Water Contamination from Industrial Activities and Complete Denitrification as a Remediation Option

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