Classification, Evolution, and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons

Abstract

A B S T R A C TGoldberg, Aaron. Classification, Evolution, and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons. Smithsonzan Contributions to Botany, number 58, 314 pages, 164 figures, 2 tables, 1986. To some extent classification is subjective. Taxonomists differ in the relative importance they ascribe to particular characters and in the de ree of difference between related taxa they deem sufficient to constitute family or o r d i n 3 rank. About 1000 dicot family names have been ublished Those who have attempted a n overview of the s stem at the family level and agove in the last quarter century reco nize between 274 a n J 4 5 5 dicot families in 39 to 82 orders. I accept 334 families and orders. In Table 1 I give my ordinal allocation of the families and that of 1 1 recent authors to indicate where there is agreement and where there are differences to be resolved. I have also constructed a dendrogram to su gest relationships and degree of advancement of the orders.f have written concise, uniform descriptions of all the families of dicots, emphasizing those characters that show trends between families or occur in more than one famil .Each family is illustrated by analytical drawings of the flower, fruit, seed and usual& inflorescence. Several species are usually used to show the range of major variation within families and trends toward related families.Angiosperms probably arose from gymnosperms, so characters or character states universal in gymnosperms or considered primitive in them would also be considered primitive in angiosperms.My a proach to understanding evolutionary trends in characters is to relate them to the ecokgical factors that might be responsible for them by their selective action. T h e dicots probably originated under warm tern erate conditions favorable for growth. A character states enabling them to cope with dry and hot or colaconditions and colonize generally unfavorable re ions.A second major trend kas been from wind pollination to progressive1 better adaptation for insect pollination. T h e primitive insect pollinated dicots often xave flowers with numerous spirally arranged parts; plants having flowers with few, opposite or whorled major evolutionary trend in them has been t K e gradual develo ment of characters and parts are derived.seDarate. T h e connate and adnate conditions are derived.

Wood Anatomy of Fouquieriaceae in Relation to Habit, Ecology, and Systematics; Nature of Meristems in Wood and Bark

“…Preconceptions that Fouquieriaceae must be derived from or related to plants also capable of life in dry and even saline habitats, such as Tamaricaceae and Frankeniaceae (see Goldberg 1986) may have influenced earlier workers, but the evidence supporting a placement within Ericales s.l. now seems difficult to dispute.…”

A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae

“…Dahlgren (1983) included Pellicieraceae and Tetrameristaceae in the family, but excluded Bonnetiaceae. Takhtajan (1997) included subfamilies Sladenioideae, Ternstroemioideae, and Theoideae, while Goldberg (1986) and Thorne (1992) recognized Sladenia as a distinct monotypic family. The most recent treatment in Kubitzki (2004) restricts Theaceae to Cronquist's Theoideae.…”

Morfologia e desenvolvimento floral em Croton L. e Astraea Klotzsch (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto)

“…Determinados aspectos anatômicos e do desenvolvimento floral têm se mostrado importantes na sistemática de Euphorbiaceae servindo, inclusive, como base para a exclusão de Pandaceae (GOLDBERG, 1986) e Putranjivaceae (TOKUOKA E TOBE, 1998). Tal exclusão foi confirmada, posteriormente, por estudos moleculares (APG, 1998;WURDACK et al, 2005).…”

“…Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto (s.s.) compreende quatro subfamílias: Cheilosoideae, Crotonoideae, Acalyphoideae e Euphorbioideae, segundo dados morfológicos e moleculares (GOLDBERG, 1986;TOKUOKA E TOBE, 1998;WURDACK et al, 2005;TOKUOKA E TOBE, 2006;TOKUOKA, 2007;DAVIS et al, 2007;WURDACK E DAVIS, 2009).…”

“…Determinados aspectos anatômicos e do desenvolvimento floral têm se mostrado importantes na sistemática de Euphorbiaceae servindo, inclusive, como base para a exclusão de Pandaceae (GOLDBERG, 1986) (MANI, 1960;VENKATESWARLU E RAO, 1963;SINGH E CHOPRA, 1970;PAL, 1974; TOKUOKA E TOBE, 1998) e outros descrevem a morfologia do grão de pólen maduro (NOWICKE, 1994). Entretanto, o gênero Astraea permanece desconhecido sob esse ponto de vista.…”