“…The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways have been shown to be frequently altered by different mechanisms in thyroid cancer (Xing 2013, Fagin & Wells 2016, Landa et al 2016. PTC frequently harbors activating mutations in the genes such as RET/PTC, BRAF, RAS, etc., of the MAPK pathway (Grieco et al 1990, Xing 2005, Hou et al 2007, Agrawal et al 2014, Murugan et al 2016) except the ERK (Murugan et al 2009) and infrequently harbors mutation in the genes such as EGFR, P53, EIF1AX, PPM1D, CHEK2, NF1, etc., (Masago et al 2009, Ricarte-Filho et al 2012, Agrawal et al 2014 but not commonly in the genes of PI3K/Akt pathway (Xing 2010, Murugan et al 2015a. FTC and ATC commonly harbor genetic mutations/amplifications/fusions in genes such as P53, RAS, ALK, PIK3CA, PTEN, AKT, PDK1, RASAL1, RET, NTRK1/3, PAX8-PPARγ, etc.…”