Classical conditioning of motor responses: What is the learning mechanism?

Hesslow, Germund; Jirenhed, Dan-Anders; Rasmussen, Anders; Johansson, Fredrik

doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2013.03.013

Cited by 46 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…However, when parallel fiber to Purkinje cell LTD is blocked following manipulation of the GluR2-AMPA receptors described above (i.e., GluRd7 and GluR2K882A knockin), acquisition of normal CRs is not significantly impaired ; see also Welsh et al 2005). This finding is in line with the fact that most parallel fibers are probably silent to begin with (Brunel et al 2004;van Beugen et al 2013) and that at-rest Purkinje cells fire intrinsically at virtually the same rate with intact parallel fiber input as they do without (Cerminara and Rawson 2004;Galliano et al 2013a;Hesslow 2013). In terms of rate coding, this reduces the direct impact of the few depressed CS-conveying parallel fibers on the overall simple spike suppression to negligible proportions.…”

Section: Motor Learning In a Zebrin-negative Module: Eyeblink Conditisupporting

confidence: 75%

Motor Learning and the Cerebellum

Zeeuw

Brinke²

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

192

168

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Although our ability to store semantic declarative information can nowadays be readily surpassed by that of simple personal computers, our ability to learn and express procedural memories still outperforms that of supercomputers controlling the most advanced robots. To a large extent, our procedural memories are formed in the cerebellum, which embodies more than two-thirds of all neurons in our brain. In this review, we will focus on the emerging view that different modules of the cerebellum use different encoding schemes to form and express their respective memories. More specifically, zebrin-positive zones in the cerebellum, such as those controlling adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, appear to predominantly form their memories by potentiation mechanisms and express their memories via rate coding, whereas zebrin-negative zones, such as those controlling eyeblink conditioning, appear to predominantly form their memories by suppression mechanisms and express their memories in part by temporal coding using rebound bursting. Together, the different types of modules offer a rich repertoire to acquire and control sensorimotor processes with specific challenges in the spatiotemporal domain.

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Section: Motor Learning In a Zebrin-negative Module: Eyeblink Conditisupporting

confidence: 75%

Motor Learning and the Cerebellum

Zeeuw

Brinke²

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

192

168

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“…However, a challenge for both theories has been to explain how learning of conditioned responses could be adaptively timed and dependent on the conditional stimulusunconditional stimulus interval. Mere strengthening or weakening of these synapses cannot account for the time course of the conditioned pause response (onset, maximum, offset) (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strengthening or weakening of synapses alone cannot explain the timing of neural responses, however (12). Therefore the timing of conditioned Purkinje cell responses generally is believed to depend on a temporal code carried by the parallel fibers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory trace and timing mechanism localized to cerebellar Purkinje cells

Johansson

Jirenhed

Rasmussen

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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139

174

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The standard view of the mechanisms underlying learning is that they involve strengthening or weakening synaptic connections. Learned response timing is thought to combine such plasticity with temporally patterned inputs to the neuron. We show here that a cerebellar Purkinje cell in a ferret can learn to respond to a specific input with a temporal pattern of activity consisting of temporally specific increases and decreases in firing over hundreds of milliseconds without a temporally patterned input. Training Purkinje cells with direct stimulation of immediate afferents, the parallel fibers, and pharmacological blocking of interneurons shows that the timing mechanism is intrinsic to the cell itself. Purkinje cells can learn to respond not only with increased or decreased firing but also with an adaptively timed activity pattern.cerebellum | eyeblink conditioning | temporal control | glutamate transmission

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“…1,12 The Purkinje cell pause response was also shown to be Keywords: cerebellum, eyeblink conditioning, glutamate transmission, purkinje cell, temporal timing, control resistant to pharmacological blockade of inhibitory interneurons. Our finding that the adaptive time course of the Purkinje cell conditioned response depends on a mechanism in the cell itself suggests that a glutamate trigger from parallel fibers activates a cellular mechanism with a particular delay after which a hyperpolarizing response with a specific duration is turned on.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%