Classical conditioning in the sea anemone, Cribrina xanthogrammica

Haralson, John V.; Groff, Charlene I.; Haralson, Sally J.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(75)90259-0

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In echinoderms elemental (limited) conditioning has been reported but the necessary controls for distinguishing AL from sensitization were not performed (McClintock and Lawrence, 1982). In cnidarians, the single experiment reporting limited conditioning (Haralson et al, 1975) was not replicated. Torley (2007) conducted a literature search supplemented by personal inquiries from leading scientists working on learning in cnidarians and was unable to find any study that demonstrated conditioning in cnidarians.…”

Section: Unlimited Associative Learning Its Functional Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Transition to Minimal Consciousness through the Evolution of Associative Learning

2016

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The minimal state of consciousness is sentience. This includes any phenomenal sensory experience – exteroceptive, such as vision and olfaction; interoceptive, such as pain and hunger; or proprioceptive, such as the sense of bodily position and movement. We propose unlimited associative learning (UAL) as the marker of the evolutionary transition to minimal consciousness (or sentience), its phylogenetically earliest sustainable manifestation and the driver of its evolution. We define and describe UAL at the behavioral and functional level and argue that the structural-anatomical implementations of this mode of learning in different taxa entail subjective feelings (sentience). We end with a discussion of the implications of our proposal for the distribution of consciousness in the animal kingdom, suggesting testable predictions, and revisiting the ongoing debate about the function of minimal consciousness in light of our approach.

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Section: Unlimited Associative Learning Its Functional Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Transition to Minimal Consciousness through the Evolution of Associative Learning

2016

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“…This applies to all phyla above and including flatworms. Coelenterates (jellyfish, sea anemones), which lack ganglia and control their simple movements by nerve nets, habituate to repeated stimuli, but associative learning has not yet been demonstrated unambiguously (12,25). However, there is no reason to assume that a nerve net is too primitive for associative learning.…”

Section: What Invertebrates Learnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of Invertebrate Learning

Menzel¹,

Bicker²,

Carew³

et al. 1984

The Biology of Learning

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“…Certainly, with this "quantal leap" (Ginsburg & Jablonka, 2010) in terms of adaptability, an ability to "unlearn" when environmental contingencies changed following initial learning closely co-evolved (while keeping a record of the original learning). Thus, extinction learning mechanisms (Bouton, 2002(Bouton, , 2004Rescorla, 2001) which are present in animals with simple nerve networks (e.g., Haralson et al, 1975;Hawkins et al, 2006;Rushforth, 1973) likely evolved with basic association learning to reduce behavior toward the initial learned association. Asp and Tranel's (2013) belief-default False Tagging Theory (FTT) asserts that extinction learning is the application of false tags to the original learning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second-guessing of Spinoza: Psychophysiological and behavioral evidence that believing is default during proposition comprehension

Erik¹,

Khan²,

Jonason³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The belief-default model contends that believing is inexorable during comprehension, and falsification is a subsequent, secondary process. By contrast, the Cartesian belief-fixation model argues that naïve propositions may be mentally represented without a truth or falsity stance. In the present research, data from four studies help adjudicate belief-fixation models, favoring the belief-default model: Studies 1-3 show that newly represented propositions are initially believed as the consequences of the truth from a naïve represented proposition will automatically activate contradictory mental information even when this processing impairs task performance (a “false” false alarm belief bias). Naïve propositions cannot be “merely” represented (without a truth stance) during comprehension. Studies 3 and 4 reveal unique electrodermal activity signals corresponding to propositions considered to be either true or false. We argue that the observed autonomic reactivity constitutes the source of two different epistemic emotions associated with the perceived outcomes of a memory search (i.e., “aha” and wrongness, respectively). To account for the psychophysiological results, we hypothesize that the epistemic emotion of familiarity is substantiated by an “aha” emotion which signals the recovery of represented propositions considered true during mnemonic processing. In addition, we show that anti-belief-default conclusions from recent investigations using multinomial processing tree modeling are tenuous as they depend on the type of false information paradigm employed. In sum, the data support the belief-default model and indicate a novel psychophysiological method to distinguish “believed” memory retrieval products from “guessed” responses derived via metacognitive strategies during veridical identification.

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Classical conditioning in the sea anemone, Cribrina xanthogrammica

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

The Transition to Minimal Consciousness through the Evolution of Associative Learning

The Transition to Minimal Consciousness through the Evolution of Associative Learning

Biology of Invertebrate Learning

Second-guessing of Spinoza: Psychophysiological and behavioral evidence that believing is default during proposition comprehension

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