“…Despite a vast number of studies involving different SDM methods, some of which with strategies to improve the results [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ], the applicability of SDMs on biological invasions has been a source of controversy due to the potential violation of the basic assumptions of equilibrium, niche conservatism, and lack of dispersal limitation [ 38 ]. Hybrid modeling, the integration of distinct modeling approaches to represent complex, integrated systems [ 39 , 40 ], stands out as an alternative for modeling biological invasions to overcome the inherent limitations of SDMs [ 31 , 41 , 42 ] and incorporate the processes and interactions that SDMs cannot address to make more reliable projections with various promising examples [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Agent-based models (ABMs), which simulate populations or systems of populations as being composed of discrete agents [ 47 ] and have been used in many biological invasion studies [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ], are a useful potential component for such hybrid models.…”