“…The classic conception of class participation, which is limited to verbal interactions, has been overtaken by a much broader view, including anything that causes students to be more involved in active learning forms (Orwat et al, 2018). Class participation is a multidimensional concept that comprises many aspects that suggest evidence of student engagement, such as preparation prior to class (Dancer & Kamvounias, 2005; Hard & RaoShah, 2022), attendance (Dancer & Kamvounias, 2005; Fritschner, 2000; Hard & RaoShah, 2022), contribution to class activities and discussions (Dallimore et al, 2010; Dancer & Kamvounias, 2005; Fritschner, 2000; Xu & Qiu, 2022) and frequent small tasks (Challis et al, 2010; Tang et al, 2020).…”