“…Given the evidence of a ''gendered'' G Â E, the results presented here may call into question prior social scientific explanations posited to explain the origin of gender differences in antisocial behavior. Specifically, scholars have suggested that females exhibit lower levels of antisocial and offending behaviors as compared with males in part, because of stereotypical gender roles and socialization effects [e.g., Adler, 1975;Chesney-Lind and Pasko, 2004;Hagan et al, 1987Hagan et al, , 1979Simon, 1975]. In contrast, our findings provide evidence that females may be less likely to develop antisocial behavior for a host of reasons, some of which are environmental and some of which are genetic [Vaske et al, 2011].…”