Class, Ethnicity, Gender and Latino Entrepreneurship

Social Entrepreneurs with Disabilities: Exploring Motivational and Attitudinal Factors

“…It has been suggested that push factors are the result of blocked opportunities and status incongruence (Bates, 1997;Verdaguer, 2009), that entrepreneurship has the potential to correct this disparity to achieve status recognition (Reynolds, 2002), and therefore that entrepreneurship may affect minorities differently. As regards gender differences, push factors have been underestimated for women interested in self-employment and small business development.…”

The Exceptional One Percent: U.S. Farmworker and Business Owner

“…4 In her study of Harrisonburg, Virginia, Zarrugh (2007) uncovered an enclave of Latino self-employment as a response to blocked employment paths, partially a result of racism. This result is supported by Dávila and Mora (2013), who 4 By design, Verdaguer (2009) studied the common and disparate threads between Peruvian and Salvadoran entrepreneurs in the Washington, D.C., area. In this present research, while the agricultural workers are predominately of Mexican origin, also noted that this is especially true for Hispanic immigrant entrepreneurs.…”

“…Verdaguer (2009) focused on Salvadoran and Peruvian Latino entrepreneurs in the metropolitan Washington, D.C., area. Noting different trajectories and resource bases of Salvdorans and Peruvians, Verdaguer (2009) found heterogeneity in entrepreneurship endeavors and outcomes, and cautions against sweeping pan-ethnic descriptions where differences among different Hispanic origin groups may be profound. 4 In her study of Harrisonburg, Virginia, Zarrugh (2007) uncovered an enclave of Latino self-employment as a response to blocked employment paths, partially a result of racism.…”

Widening the focus on informal entrepreneurship through the lens of intersectionality

“…In a study of the street hawkers populations operating informally in India, (Williams and Gurtoo (2013) provides a concrete examples of the heterogeneous nature of entrepreneurship in the informal economy, reflecting entrepreneurship among the desperately poor, either as marginalised populations engaged in a survival practice, or voluntary entrants doing so either as a rational economic decision in the face of extreme disadvantage in the labour market or as a lifestyle choice (Dadzie & Cho, 1989;Light & Rosenstein, 1995;Romero & Valdez, 2016;Valdez, 2011a;Verdaguer, 2009). Conversely, Williams and Shahid (2016) explain that the desire to build relationships may b e a stronger driver of informal activity than are marginalisation and desperation.…”

“…Literature has highlighted that these practices are very familiar, systemic and recurrent and often go unnoticed, often serving to reinforce the status quo (Alinia, 2015;Knight, 2016). Further studies on 'survivalist entrepreneurship' explored how everyd ay interactions between society and marginalised social groups are pushing these minorities towards self-employment because of discrimination in the labour market, in and out of the formal sector (Dadzie & Cho, 1989;Light & Rosenstein, 1995;Romero & Valdez, 2016;Ruiz Castro & Holvino, 2016;Valdez, 2011b;Verdaguer, 2009). However, these studies have focused separately on the individual elements of intersectionality and the societal/institutional elements.…”