Clarifying the Dopant Local Structure and Effect on Ionic Conductivity in Garnet Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The high Li-ion conductivity and wide electrochemical stability of Li-rich garnets (Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ) make them one of the leading solid electrolyte candidates for solid-state batteries. Dopants such as Al and Ga are typically used to enable stabilization of the high Li + ion-conductive cubic phase at room temperature. Although numerous studies exist that have characterized the electrochemical properties, structure, and lithium diffusion in Al-and Ga-LLZO, the local structure and site occupancy of dopants in these compounds are not well understood. Two broad 27 Al or 69,71 Ga resonances are often observed with chemical shifts consistent with tetrahedrally coordinated Al/Ga in the magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra of both Al-and Ga-LLZO, which have been assigned to either Al and/or Ga occupying 24d and 96h/ 48g sites in the LLZO lattice or the different Al/Ga configurations that arise from different arrangements of Li around these dopants. In this work, we unambiguously show that the side products γ-LiAlO 2 and LiGaO 2 lead to the high frequency resonances observed by NMR spectroscopy and that both Al and Ga only occupy the 24d site in the LLZO lattice. Furthermore, it was observed that the excess Li often used during synthesis leads to the formation of these side products by consuming the Al/Ga dopants. In addition, the consumption of Al/Ga dopants leads to the tetragonal phase formation commonly observed in the literature, even after careful mixing of precursors. The side-products can exist even after sintering, thereby controlling the Al/Ga content in the LLZO lattice and substantially influencing the lithium-ion conductivity in LLZO, as measured here by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Stabilization of Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolyte through Ga-Based Precipitates and the Ga–Au Surface Layer

“…In contrast, LLZO with a Ga concentration of 0.142 exhibits Ga precipitation, which fills the GB and pores. The irregular distribution of precipitated Ga in the pellet, compared to the powder, is attributed to the increase in size of LLZO particles during pellet sintering [46]. This indicates that Ga precipitation occurs throughout the pellet and not in localized regions.…”