Clarifying the Contribution of Subjective Norm to Predicting Leisure-Time Exercise

Okun, Morris A.; Karoly, Paul; Lutz, Rafer

doi:10.5993/ajhb.26.4.6

Cited by 66 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…In his theorising, all perception and cognition is a function of one's own position in the world and is, thus, screened, or filtered by social groupings/ social reality. The research, listed earlier, showing subjective norms to have a strong effect in the TPB (Astrom & Rise, 2001;Baker et al, 2003;Giles et al, 2005;Johnston & White, 2003;Okun et al, 2002;Terry & Hogg, 1996), simply attests to this point. The social pressure in this research was strong because it was not perceived of as "external" to the self, rather it was considered internal and self-relevant because it emanated from reference groups with which the individual's identified.…”

Section: Subjective Normmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the Okun et al (2002) study, the descriptive norms of the peers of teenagers were more successful in directly predicting behaviour than they were in predicting intention. Rivis and Sheeran (2003) measured teenagers' perception of similarity to a prototype, and found that this also directly predicted physical activity.…”

Section: Explaining Intention -Behaviour Relationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This is because when norms are internalised as an aspect of self, social-self, both attitudes and behaviour should be brought in line with those of the group. Indeed, there have been some reports of a social normative factor, that, it can be argued, was operationalised as the norms of a relevant reference group, which directly predicted behaviour, rather than predicting indirectly through the mediation of intention (Okun et al, 2002;Rivis & Sheeran, 2003b). In addition, it is not uncommon for correlations between the attitudinal and normative components of the TPB to be reported (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1981;Ryan, 1978;Shepherd & O'Keefe, 1984).…”

Section: Implications For Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather, only reference groups relevant to an individual's sense of self, those groups with which they identify, can exert normative influence. This rationale can also be applied to the Okun et al (2002) and the Baker et al (2003) studies. It can be theorised that only the norms of those who were relevant to the selfidentity of teenagers, their peers, not their parents, were able to influence intention.…”

Section: Subjective Normmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Critically, in his perspective, the "self" is not only individual and personal, it is, and can be, in some contexts, social and consensual. The ability of the "self" to be social is the reason that social influence in the Okun et al (2002) study, and other research discussed, (Astrom & Rise, 2001;Baker et al, 2003;Giles et al, 2005;Johnston & White, 2003;Terry & Hogg, 1996), was so powerful. The influence was strong because it emanated from the self (social self).…”

Section: Subjective Normmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social identities in physical activity promotion for sedentary women

Pearson¹

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The importance of regular and life long physical activity, both from a physical and medical perspective and from a psychological well-being perspective, is well documented. Also well documented is the reduction, below sufficient levels, in physical activity participation, particularly for populations such as young and mid-life adult women. Physical activity promotion is, thus, of great importance in modern society. In this thesis, my primary aim is to develop ways to enhance the adoption and maintenance of physical activity in young and midlife women. To do so, I have utilised the theoretical conceptions from a dominant social cognitive model, the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985). Subjective norm has not been a strong predictor of intention or behaviour in research on the theory of planned behavior in physical activity contexts (Symons Downs & Hausenblas, 2005), the reasons for which have been the subject of much debate in the literature. To date, there is disagreement about the conceptualization, measurement, and importance of the variable. In this thesis, I examined the potential of the social identity approach as a basis for making subjective norm more meaningful. In this approach, rather than assessing the influence of a random collection of important others as in the original definition (Ajzen, 1985), subjective norm is conceptualised as the perceived pressure from specific reference groups relevant to self, a conceptualization more in keeping with the social identity approach (Terry & Hogg 1996). I expected that the social identity approach to subjective norms would enhance its ability to predict intentions and be the basis of an effective physical activity intervention. Specifically, I expected that physical activity norms, when presented to women from members of a shared social identity would influence both intentions and behaviour.ii In the first study, I surveyed 214 women between the ages of 25 and 45 to obtain a list of the potential reference groups that would be relevant for young and midlife women. I asked women to list their self-characteristics and then to rate them on Simon's (1997) social self-categorisation index. I sorted the self-characteristics into types, and listed the frequency and social identity potential for each type. From the most frequently listed self-characteristic types, I found that the personality-based selfcharacteristics, such as strong independent woman, and spiritual caring woman, had more social identity potential, than the role-based self-characteristics, such as wife or professional. I used these personality-based self-characteristics as the basis for my intervention study.In the second study, I conducted a 3-month physical activity study based on the social identity approach to subjective norm. The intervention was for sedentary women (25 to 45 years), who engaged in less than 150 minutes of exercise per week. In two social identity conditions (SI), I conducted a social identity-based subjective norm manipulation. The first SI condition was for women (...

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Section: Subjective Normmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Explaining Intention -Behaviour Relationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Implications For Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subjective Normmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subjective Normmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Social identities in physical activity promotion for sedentary women

Pearson¹

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Keeping up with the Joneses: The relationship of perceived descriptive social norms, social information, and charitable giving

Croson

Handy

Shang³

2009

Nonprofit Mgmnt & Ldrshp

100

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Reassessing the impact of descriptive norms on charitable giving

Lindersson

Guntell

Carlsson

et al. 2018

J of Philanthropy and Mktg

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The usefulness of conveying descriptive norms (“this is what most people do”) for prosocial purposes such as environmental conservation and charitable giving has recently been called into question. Two experiments (N = 748) evaluated the hypothesis that descriptive norms increase people's intentions to donate to charity. Overall, the results supported this hypothesis. Another aim was to examine the robustness of the local norm superiority effect that proposes that the local norms of one's immediate environment are superior to other descriptive norms (global and social identity norms). This hypothesis was not supported. The results suggest that differences between different types of norms are likely to be small.

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Clarifying the Contribution of Subjective Norm to Predicting Leisure-Time Exercise

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

Social identities in physical activity promotion for sedentary women

Social identities in physical activity promotion for sedentary women

Keeping up with the Joneses: The relationship of perceived descriptive social norms, social information, and charitable giving

Reassessing the impact of descriptive norms on charitable giving

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