Clarification of the nomenclature of pigment gallstones

Maki, Tetsuo; Matsushiro, Takashi; Suzuki, Noriyoshi

doi:10.1016/0002-9610(82)90005-8

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Gallstones have traditionally been classified as cholesterol, black pigment, brown, and mixed, based primarily on external color and morphology [ 1 – 3 ]. It should be noted, however, that a pure cholesterol gallstone could occasionally be misjudged as a brown gallstone due to a very thin brown-colored layer covering the stone, as seen in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of gallstones using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and photography

Park

2018

Biomater Res

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BackgroundGallstones have conventionally been classified by gross inspection into 4 categories: cholesterol gallstones, black pigment (calcium bilirubinate) gallstones, brown gallstones, and mixed gallstones that contain both cholesterol and calcium bilirubinate. Classification using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy supplements gross inspection; however, the issue of ambiguity in gallstone classification has not been fully addressed to date.MethodsTwenty-six gallstones obtained after surgical gallbladder removal were examined using FT-IR spectroscopy and digital photography, and classified into 6 gallstone groups according to characteristic FT-IR absorption bands.ResultsFT-IR spectra of nine gallstones matched well with that of pure cholesterol, and the gallstones were thus classified as cholesterol stones. Twelve gallstones were classified as calcium bilirubinate stones as they showed characteristic absorption bands of calcium bilirubinate. However, the FT-IR spectra of these gallstones always showed a broad absorption band of bound water at 3600–2400 cm− 1. The other five gallstones were classified as mixed stones with combinations of cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and calcium carbonate.ConclusionFT-IR spectroscopy is a powerful and convenient method for gallstone classification. Nevertheless, one should take serious note of the superposition of FT-IR absorption bands of different chemical components of gallstones including that of bound water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of gallstones using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and photography

Park

2018

Biomater Res

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“…Traces elements play a signicant role in providing an indication possible mechanism of stone formation [3]. As a rule, gallstones are classied into three categories according to their composition: cholesterol-rich type, pigment-rich bilirubin, and bilirubinate calcium and mixed type out of a combination of cholesterol, calcium carbonate bilirubinate [4]. However, this classication remains unclear and incompletely understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental, Phase, and Structural Analysis of Gallstones With Hiatal Hernias in Patients of Kharkiv Region

Dikiy¹,

Bereznyak²,

Boyko³

et al. 2020

Problems of Atomic Science and Technology

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Gamma activation method on linac NSC KIPT, IR-spectrometry and crystal-optical investigations have been used to determinate the content of elements, the phase analysis and structural features of a different organic and inorganic compound in gallstones of patients with hiatal hernia in Kharkiv region. It is shown that it is possible to establish the presence in gallstones of such compounds as bilirubin and its salts, calcium phosphates, calcium carbonate, and different microelements. In the main, the patients of the Kharkiv region have gallstones of mixed type with a combination of cholesterol, calcium carbonate bilirubinate.

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“…They differ from mixed stones, which sometimes assume the outer appearance of pigment stones, because they do not contain any nucleus of a different structure or morphology [10]. According to Maki et al [11] we classified calculi on the basis of their composi tion into pure pigment stones and calcium bilirubinate stones.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pigment Microlithiasis: Bacteriology, Gallbladder Bile and Stone Composition

et al. 1989

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible structural and etiological differences between pigment microcalculi (PM) and larger pigment stones. The study was carried out on 42 patients. 14 patients were affected by gallbladder PM; 14 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy for larger pigment stones and 14 patients who had undergone abdominal surgery without biliary tract disease were matched with the PM group according to sex and age. All stones were studied by X-ray diffraction and by infrared spectrophotometry. Bile was analyzed to determine cholesterol, phospholipid and biliary acid content. The cholesterol saturation indices were calculated. Bacteriological bile culture was carried out. Analysis of the results regarding bile composition did not reveal significant differences among the groups of patients. The main crystalline component of microcalculi was revealed to be cholesterol. The non-crystalline components of these microcalculi were pure pigment and calcium bilirubinate. The calcium bilirubinate microcalculi often contained calcium palmitate. Larger pigment stones had a very similar composition. The data provided by the study do not suffice to single out structural peculiarities of PM in comparison with larger stones. PM are thought to be more recently formed concretions which in time will increase in dimension. Finally, a different pathogenesis seems possible for pure pigment microliths than for calcium bilirubinate.

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Clarification of the nomenclature of pigment gallstones

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Classification of gallstones using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and photography

Classification of gallstones using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and photography

Elemental, Phase, and Structural Analysis of Gallstones With Hiatal Hernias in Patients of Kharkiv Region

Pigment Microlithiasis: Bacteriology, Gallbladder Bile and Stone Composition

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