Cladosporium cladosporioides from the perspectives of medical and biotechnological approaches

Abstract

Fungi are important natural product sources that have enormous potential for the production of novel compounds for use in pharmacology, agricultural applications and industry. Compared with other natural sources such as plants, fungi are highly diverse but understudied. However, research on Cladosporium cladosporioides revealed the existence of bioactive products such as p-methylbenzoic acid, ergosterol peroxide (EP) and calphostin C as well as enzymes including pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and chlorpyrifos hydrolase. p-Methylbenzoic acid has ability to synthesise 1,5-benzodiazepine and its derivatives, polyethylene terephthalate and eicosapentaenoic acid. EP has anticancer, antiangiogenic, antibacterial, anti-oxidative and immunosuppressive properties. Calphostin C inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) by inactivating both PKC-epsilon and PKC-alpha. In addition, calphostin C stimulates apoptosis in WEHI-231 cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Based on the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in some types of cancer, calphostin C has also been evaluated as a potential photodynamic therapeutic agent. Methylesterase (PME) and PG have garnered attention because of their usage in the food processing industry and significant physiological function in plants. Chlorpyrifos, a human, animal and plant toxin, can be degraded and eliminated by chlorpyrifos hydrolase.

The Dose of Fungal Aerosol Inhaled by Workers in a Waste-Sorting Plant in Poland: A Case Study

“…The Cladosporium genus (first identified by Link in 1815) is most frequently found in spoiled organic matter in outdoor and indoor environments and is considered to be an important food contaminant [36,56,57]. Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the most common species, distributed worldwide and present in many different decaying plants, food waste, air, and soil [58].…”

Isobolographic<i> in vitro</i> interactions of fluconazole with citrus essential oils against <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i>

“…The genus Cladosporium, first identified in 1815, now comprises around 500 species [6,7]. Cladosporium species are most commonly found in outdoor and indoor environments, on decayed organic substrates, and are considered important food contaminants [8,9]. These fungi can use a variety of growing substrates, such as wood, plants, food, soil, straw and textiles [10].…”

“…The most frequently isolated species are Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium herbarium and Cladosporium elatum [6]. Many species of Cladosporium fungi are capable of producing certain secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, which are inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans [11,12].…”

Fusarubin and Anhydrofusarubin Isolated from A Cladosporium Species Inhibit Cell Growth in Human Cancer Cell Lines

“…However, they can also be used to derive bioactive compounds, such as the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel [12]. Thus, the toxicity of fungi and their propensity to cause disease is particularly dangerous because they can be contaminants of different types of food [13]. Thus, studying the interaction between fungi such as Cladosporium sp.…”