CLAD: A corpus-derived Chinese Lexical Association Database

Abstract

The application of word associations has become increasingly widespread. However, the association norms produced by traditional free association tests tend not to exceed 10,000 stimulus words, making the number of associated words too small to be representative of the overall language. In this study we used text corpora totaling over 400 million Chinese words, along with a multitude of association measures, to automatically construct a Chinese Lexical Association Database (CLAD) comprising the lexical association of over 80,000 words. Comparison of the CLAD with a database of traditional Chinese word association norms shows that word associations extracted from large text corpora are similar in strength to those elicited from free association tests but contain a much greater number of associative word pairs. Additionally, the relatively small numbers of participants involved in the creation of traditional norms result in relatively coarse scales of association measurement, whereas the differentiation of association strengths is greatly enhanced in the CLAD. The CLAD provides researchers with a great supplement to traditional word association norms. A query website at www.chinesereadability.net/LexicalAssociation/CLAD/ affords access to the database.

Exploring Affective Priming Effect of Emotion-Label Words and Emotion-Laden Words: An Event-Related Potential Study

“…Another lexical variable that has not been controlled prior to the experiment is the word association between the primes and targets since the word association was found to influence the affective priming effect [ 43 ]. We have retrieved the word association between the primes and targets in four conditions (emotion-label words incongruent: 0.011; emotion-label words congruent: 0.002; emotion-laden words incongruent: 0.011; emotion-laden words congruent: 0.027; and two words were not found in emotion-laden word congruent condition) from one recent Chinese Lexical Association Database [ 53 ]. There was extremely low word association in the four conditions.…”

Can Masked Emotion-Laden Words Prime Emotion-Label Words? An ERP Test on the Mediated Account

“…Therefore, it is assumed that the word association between primes and targets is nearly zero. Based on the Chinese Lexical Association Database (CLAD), one recent Chinese association norming database (Lin et al, 2019 ), we further analyzed the word association between primes and targets. We retrieved the Baroni-Urbani measure on clauses for each prime emotion word and found that almost all the primes were not associated to targets both in related and unrelated conditions, except a very few words [see the Appendix (Supplementary Material) for the word list and word association, and the two prime words were not found in CLAD].…”

“…Primes and targets were randomly combined to control the semantic association between the primes and targets. We calculated the word association strength between emotion-label words and emotion-laden words from a recent Chinese word database (Lin et al, 2019 ) and found no association between the primes and targets (see more details in Discussion).…”

Simplicial Homology Global Optimization of EEG Signal Extraction for Emotion Recognition

“…Despite these obstacles, research in this area is moving forward, and EEG-based emotion recognition systems have a lot of potential to contribute to a variety of applications in the future. Research interest in the area of EEG-based emotion identification has increased significantly, partly as a result of the introduction of portable, inexpensive plug-and-play EEG headsets to the consumer market [18]. This has democratized the research and development of EEG-based emotion recognition [7,19,20], which is no longer limited to advanced and well-funded laboratories.…”