CL‐20 performance exceeds that of HMX and its sensitivity is moderate

Simpson, Robert B.; Urtiew, P. A.; Ornellas, D.L.; Moody, G.L.; Scribner, K.; Hoffman, D. Mark

doi:10.1002/prep.19970220502

Cited by 475 publications

(307 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…7 However, CL-20 has not achieved widespread engineering applications because of relative high sensitivity to heat, friction, and shock. Recently, a 1 : 1 molar ratio co-crystal of TNT and CL-20 has been synthesized experimentally 8 that displays greatly reduced sensitivity compared to pure CL-20 while retaining the high performance due to the incorporation of TNT, a relative stable low-power explosive.…”

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confidence: 99%

The co-crystal of TNT/CL-20 leads to decreased sensitivity toward thermal decomposition from first principles based reactive molecular dynamics

Guo

Zybin

et al. 2015

J. Mater. Chem. A

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To gain an atomistic-level understanding of the experimental observation that the cocrystal TNT/CL-20 leads to decreased sensitivity, we carried out reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations using the ReaxFF reactive force field. We compared the thermal decomposition of the TNT/CL-20 cocrystal with that of pure crystals of TNT and CL-20 and with a simple physical mixture of TNT and CL-20. We find that cocrystal has a lower decomposition rate than CL-20 but higher than TNT, which is consistent with experimental observation. We find that the formation of carbon clusters arising from TNT, a carbon-rich molecule, plays an important role in the thermal decomposition process, explaining the decrease in sensitivity for the cocrystal. At low temperature and in the early stage of chemical reactions under high temperature, the cocrystal releases energy more slowly than the simple mixture of CL-20-TNT. These results confirm the expectation that co-crystallization is an effective way to decrease the sensitivity for energetic materials while retaining high performance.

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confidence: 99%

The co-crystal of TNT/CL-20 leads to decreased sensitivity toward thermal decomposition from first principles based reactive molecular dynamics

Guo

Zybin

et al. 2015

J. Mater. Chem. A

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“…先后成功设计合成出双环奥克托今(DCHMX)及其类似物 [23,24] 、4,10-二硝基-2,6,8,12-四氧杂-4,10-二氮杂四环 [5.5.0.0.0]十二烷(TEX) [25,26] 、六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷 (CL-20) [27,28] 、 1,1'-二羟基-3,3'-二硝基-5,5'-联-1,2,4-三唑二羟胺盐(MAD-X1) [ …”

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Synthesis and Properties of the Fused Aza-polynitrocyclic Compounds

Zhang¹,

Xiao²,

Zhai³

et al. 2016

Chin. J. Org. Chem.

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Fused aza-polycyclic structures play an important role in the synthesis of energetic compounds and the presence of NNO 2 groups renders them a rich source of energy. Currently, fused aza-polynitrocyclic compounds have gained considerable prominence as novel energetic compounds. This review focuses on the synthesis of various ring skeletons of the aza-bicyclic, aza-polycyclic and aza-propellane-derivatized energetic compounds as well as the studies of N-nitration, physicochemistry and detonation properties. The synthesis of pentaaza [3.3.3]propellane and hexaaza[3.3.3]propellane is highlighted and N-nitration explorations of these high-strained unstable skeletons are discussed in details.

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“…CL-20, the most powerful high explosive, is being synthesized at the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL, Pune, India) by nitration of 2,6,8,4,6,8,10,. Nitration of TAIW is a mild exothermic reaction.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the present study it was found that for $85% yield, optimized temperature envelope was 72-85 C, nitric acid concentration range from 98 to 92%, reaction time was 1 h, and temperature during the addition of TAIW into the mixed acid was 25-40 C. In order to improve the particle size of CL-20, during the recrystallization process, the effect of parameters like addition rate of anti-solvent and rate of agitation were studied and Introduction CL-20, first synthesized by Nielsen [1], is the most energetic and futuristic high explosive. It is a potential candidate to replace HMX [2]. Balas et al [9] of the U.S. Army TACOM-ARDEC.…”

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confidence: 99%

Process Optimization for Synthesis of CL-20

Mandal¹,

Pant²,

Kasar³

et al. 2009

Journal of Energetic Materials

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Optimization of process parameters for synthesis of 2, 4,6,8,10,4,6,8,10, of desired particle size have been described. CL-20, the most powerful high explosive, is being synthesized at the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL, Pune, India) by nitration of 2,6,8,4,6,8,10,. Nitration of TAIW is a mild exothermic reaction. Although information on synthesis of CL-20 is reported, no information is available on process optimization. In order to optimize the process parameters for synthesis of CL-20 to obtain higher yield and purity, a study was carried out with variation of different parametric conditions like temperature, time, concentration of nitric acid, mole ratio of reactants, quantity of solvent=anti-solvent, etc. The effect of each parameter was studied by keeping other parameters constant. In the present study it was found that for $85% yield, optimized temperature envelope was 72-85 C, nitric acid concentration range from 98 to 92%, reaction time was 1 h, and temperature during the addition of TAIW into the mixed acid was 25-40 C. In order to improve the particle size of CL-20, during the recrystallization process, the effect of parameters like addition rate of anti-solvent and rate of agitation were studied and

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CL‐20 performance exceeds that of HMX and its sensitivity is moderate

Cited by 475 publications

References 6 publications

The co-crystal of TNT/CL-20 leads to decreased sensitivity toward thermal decomposition from first principles based reactive molecular dynamics

The co-crystal of TNT/CL-20 leads to decreased sensitivity toward thermal decomposition from first principles based reactive molecular dynamics

Synthesis and Properties of the Fused Aza-polynitrocyclic Compounds

Process Optimization for Synthesis of CL-20

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