“…2 Incivility is a type of linguistic expression that individuals create in various ways, entailing complex emotions with various hostile, hateful, aggressive, and aspersive terms. 9,10 To be more specific, forms of incivility include negative name calling (disparaging terms directed at certain groups), aspersion (unsympathetic terms directed at certain issues), vulgarity (offensive terms in a discussion), and pejorative speech (words that include negative emotions). 5,11,12 These forms of incivility are particularly prevalent in social media comments, 4,13,14 and social media incivility targets various contentious issues and relevant groups, such as those related to race, religion, nationality, gender, disability, and political issues.…”