Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: A Public Service Approach for Reaching the Urban Sanitation SDGs

Schrecongost, Alyse; Pedi, Danielle; Rosenboom, Jan Willem; Shrestha, Roshan Raj; Ban, Radu

doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00019

Cited by 52 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…While various intra-community and external support instruments should be in place to assist in reaching disadvantage groups [54,55], more importantly, national and local government roles, responsibilities, and accountability mechanisms should be enhanced to address such inequalities. An emerging framework and strategies such as the citywide inclusive sanitation public service approach [56] and inclusive programming [57] in urban and rural contexts, respectively, outline ways to address these roles and accountabilities in detail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia

Odagiri

Thomas

Listyasari

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Sustainable Development Goal target 6.2 calls for universal access to adequate and equitable sanitation, setting a more ambitious standard for ‘safely managed sanitation services’. On-site sanitation systems (e.g., septic tanks) are widely used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the lack of indicators for assessing fecal exposure risks presents a barrier to monitoring safely managed services. Furthermore, geographic diversity and frequency of disasters require a more nuanced approach to risk-informed decision-making. Taking Indonesia as an example, the purpose of this paper is to provide insights into current status and practices for on-site sanitation services in the contexts of LMICs. Using a dataset from a national socio-economic survey (n = 295,155) coupled with village census (n = 83,931), we assessed (1) household sanitation practices across Indonesia stratified by city-level population density and meteorological factors, (2) factors associated with septic tank emptying practice, and (3) inequalities in potential fecal exposure as measured by population density and WASH access by wealth quintile. We found a high reliance on on-site sanitation facilities (80.0%), almost half of which are assumed to be ‘uncontained’ septic tanks and one in ten facilities discharging untreated waste directly into the environment. The most densely populated areas had the highest rates of septic tank emptying, though emptying rates were just 17.0%, while in the lowest population density group, emptying was rarely reported. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated an association between flooding and drought occurrence and septic tank emptying practice. Higher groundwater usage for drinking among poorer households suggests unsafe sanitation may disproportionally affect the poor. Our study underscores the urgent need to strengthen the monitoring of on-site sanitation in LMICs by developing contextualized standards. Furthermore, the inequalities in potential fecal exposure require greater attention and tailored support mechanisms to ensure the poorest gain access to safely managed sanitation services.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia

Odagiri

Thomas

Listyasari

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…On-site sanitation systems such as improved pit latrines and septic tanks become less appropriate as population density increases due to the safe management requirements of pit leachate, septage effluent and the safe removal of solids (Amin et al, 2020). The concept of Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) seeks to overcome this technology dichotomy by focusing on service outcomes and promoting a range of solutions—both onsite and sewered, centralized or decentralized – to ensure everyone has equitable access to safely managed sanitation (Schrecongost, Pedi, Rosenboom, Shrestha, & Ban, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of User Experiences for the Clean Team Ghana Container-Based Sanitation Service in Kumasi, Ghana

Tidwell

Nyarko

Ross

et al. 2020

Preprint

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There is a lack of affordable and acceptable sanitation solutions for dense, low-income urban settlements. One option that has been proposed is container-based sanitation, where a sealed cartridge installed in a free-standing toilet is regularly changed and adequately separates users from their excreta. Though container-based toilets are considered a safely managed sanitation solution that meets the Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation, little is known about user experiences to inform how such a solution should be viewed by governments. We conducted a longitudinal prospective cohort study of changes in objective and subjective measures of sanitation quality due to the Clean Team Ghana (CTG) container-based toilet service in Kumasi, Ghana from June to December 2019. We collected data immediately prior to installation of a toilet and 10 weeks afterwards for 292 customers. Most initially used public toilets with good structural quality, but sometimes had poor cleanliness, a lack of handwashing facilities, and required a 14.3 minute mean round trip time to use. The evaluation found that CTG delivers a high-quality service that positively impacts the quality of life of CTG customers, as well as saving them money, reducing gender gaps in quality of life, and addressing the needs of those with physical disabilities. Satisfaction with CTG toilet and service characteristics was high, with the largest increases for satisfaction with smell, comfort, disgust, and privacy. Women in particular were positively impacted both for explicitly gendered indicators like the ability to practice menstrual hygiene management, and other indicators where women scored lower than men at baseline, including ease of access, ease of use, and cleanliness. Use of the service also benefitted those who had been unable to use a toilet for physical or social reasons beforehand. Problems with the CTG service, such as leaking, filling, smelling, or not being replaced as scheduled, were reported by fewer than 10% of customers. While one product or service does not fit the needs of all customers, this evaluation supports the growing body of evidence that container-based sanitation provides a service valued by users and acceptable to policymakers in dense urban settlements.

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“…However, the dependence on OSS staying near constant at 60% among urban households between 2012 and 2018 - despite a national urban infrastructure scheme underwriting sewerage development during the same period - undermines their perception as a temporary fixture of urban wastewater management ( Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MOSPI), 2019 ). Globally, the discourse on the long-term viability of OSS as a standalone or a hybrid wastewater management solution for different spatial scales has been slowly gaining traction ( Schrecongost et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introduction - On-site Sanitation As the Fulcrum Of Urban Wamentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving up the On-Site Sanitation ladder in urban India through better systems and standards

Dasgupta

Agarwal

Mukherjee

2021

Journal of Environmental Management

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Wastewater management predominantly takes the form of On-Site Sanitation (OSS) in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs). In India, households construct and operate OSS systems in the absence of regulatory oversight and seldom in compliance with the national technical standards – posing a risk to water sources and public health. The present paper reviews novel evidence on the quality of these systems from a multi-state survey of 3000 households in India to identify policy and practice interventions for creating sustainable urban sanitation futures. The paper argues for local and national governments to unlock the potential of OSS as a safe and long-term wastewater management solution through (1) re-envisioning the system design to simultaneously meet household and environmental needs, (2) fostering prefabrication of systems as a means to distribute the compliance responsibility optimally, and (3) updating technical standards for facilitating such a paradigm shift.

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Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: A Public Service Approach for Reaching the Urban Sanitation SDGs

Cited by 52 publications

References 6 publications

Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia

Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia

Evaluation of User Experiences for the Clean Team Ghana Container-Based Sanitation Service in Kumasi, Ghana

Moving up the On-Site Sanitation ladder in urban India through better systems and standards

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