City Natural Gas Metering

Huang, L. J.

doi:10.5772/45809

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, the year-long studies concluded that none was readily applicable to the targeted energy metering capability [ 89 ]. The technological evolution and advancement in utility gas meters have been summarized in a previous publication [ 25 ]. Here are the updates in recent years and opportunities for thermal time-of-flight technology.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic requirements for a successful yet simple energy metering sensor for utility applications would have the capability to measure gas composition, calorific value, and density, in addition to flow measurement. A thermal time-of-flight sensor would be applicable for these measurements [ 25 ]. However, due to the broad spectrum of the gas compositions, this technology would also be inferential, and additional studies would be required to document the applicability.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first successful one was for automotive mass air flow sensors (MAF) applied for fuel-efficiency control starting in 1995 [ 17 ]. In early 2000, applications in medical continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) equipment [ 24 ] and utility city natural gas meters [ 25 ] also gained momentum and have been shipped in relatively high volumes since then. While MAF and CPAP applications do not require very high accuracy, and their working environments are relatively favorable, applications for utility natural gases have posed many challenges for the MEMS flow sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micromachined Thermal Time-of-Flight Flow Sensors and Their Applications

Huang¹

2022

Micromachines

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Micromachined thermal flow sensors on the market are primarily manufactured with the calorimetric sensing principle. The success has been in limited industries such as automotive, medical, and gas process control. Applications in some emerging and abrupt applications are hindered due to technical challenges. This paper reviews the current progress with micromachined devices based on the less popular thermal time-of-flight sensing technology: its theory, design of the micromachining process, control schemes, and applications. Thermal time-of-flight sensing could effectively solve some key technical hurdles that the calorimetric sensing approach has. It also offers fluidic property-independent data acquisition, multiparameter measurement, and the possibility for self-calibration. This technology may have a significant perspective on future development.

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Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micromachined Thermal Time-of-Flight Flow Sensors and Their Applications

Huang¹

2022

Micromachines

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“…At the same time, it should be noted that the technologies of ultrasonic and thermal gas meters, due to the nature of the measurement depending on the gas density or the speed of propagation of the sound wave, will be sensitive to changes in gas composition, including in the case of hydrogen added to natural gas. More information about the principle of operation of thermal mass and ultrasonic gas meters is provided in [6][7][8][9]. The reliability of the gas meters should be demonstrated under certain critical conditions that may arise in the gas distribution network, including changes in gas quality and the presence of dust and contaminants [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestic Gas Meter Durability in Hydrogen and Natural Gas Mixtures

et al. 2021

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Blending hydrogen into the natural gas infrastructure is becoming a very promising practice to increase the exploitation of renewable energy sources which can be used to produce “green” hydrogen. Several research projects and field experiments are currently aimed at evaluating the risks associated with utilization of the gas blend in end-use devices such as the gas meters. In this paper, the authors present the results of experiments aimed at assessing the effect of hydrogen injection in terms of the durability of domestic gas meters. To this end, 105 gas meters of different measurement capabilities and manufacturers, both brand-new and withdrawn from service, were investigated in terms of accuracy drift after durability cycles of 5000 and 10,000 h with H2NG mixtures and H2 concentrations of 10% and 15%. The obtained results show that there is no metrologically significant or statistically significant influence of hydrogen content on changes in gas meter indication errors after subjecting the meters to durability testing with a maximum of 15% H2 content over 10,000 h. A metrologically significant influence of the long-term operation of the gas meters was confirmed, but it should not be made dependent on the hydrogen content in the gas. No safety problems related to the loss of external tightness were observed for either the new or 10-year-old gas meters.

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“…Furthermore, these sensing structures could be integrated on the same chip with the read-out circuits, obtaining very compact devices with high immunity to electromagnetic interference [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. For these reasons, MEMS thermal flow sensors have started to be proposed for natural gas metering applications [ 11 ] and they are considered a promising substitute of the conventional diaphragm meters [ 12 ]. Integrated thermal flow sensors have been proposed for the fabrication of portable spirometers [ 13 , 14 ] as an effective alternative to capacitive [ 15 , 16 ] and turbine-type sensors [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precise Measurement of Gas Volumes by Means of Low-Offset MEMS Flow Sensors with μL/min Resolution

Piotto

Cesta

Bruschi

2017

Sensors

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Experiments devoted to evaluate the performance of a MEMS thermal flow sensor in measuring gas volumes are described. The sensor is a single-chip platform, including several sensing structures and a low-offset, low-noise readout interface. A recently proposed offset compensation approach is implemented obtaining low temperature drift and excellent long time stability. The sensor is fabricated by applying a simple micromachining procedure to a chip produced using the BCD6s process of STMicroelectronics. Application of a gas conveyor allowed inclusion of the sensing structure into a channel of sub-millimeter cross-section. The results of measurements performed by making controlled air volumes pass through the sensor channel in both directions at rates from 0.1 to 5 mL/min are described.

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City Natural Gas Metering

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Micromachined Thermal Time-of-Flight Flow Sensors and Their Applications

Micromachined Thermal Time-of-Flight Flow Sensors and Their Applications

Domestic Gas Meter Durability in Hydrogen and Natural Gas Mixtures

Precise Measurement of Gas Volumes by Means of Low-Offset MEMS Flow Sensors with μL/min Resolution

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