City Brain, a New Architecture of Smart City Based on the Internet Brain

Abstract

In the ten years after the Smart City was put forward, there are still problems like unclear concept, lack of top-down design and information island. With the further development of the Internet, the brain-like architecture of the Internet is becoming clearer and clearer. As a product of combination of city buildings and the Internet, the Smart City will also have a new architecture, and the City Brain thus appears. Based on the Internet Brain, this paper describes how to construct the Smart City in the form of brain-like tissue, and how to evaluate the construction level of the Smart City (City IQ) relying on the Big SNS (city neural networks) and city cloud reflex arcs. Index Terms-Smart City, Brain Science, City Brain, Internet Brain，City IQ，Big SNS, Cloud reflex arcs

Sustainable Smart City Technologies and Their Impact on Users’ Energy Consumption Behaviour

“…Next, we organised the technologies along with descriptions of how they are used and interacted with by individuals (i.e., function/usage), according to their respective levels within the smart city ICT system structure, guided by the frameworks of Feng [5] and ITU-T Series Y [17]. This organisation helped us understand the ICT system structure in a sustainable smart city (SSC) architecture and systematically catalogue the technologies mentioned in the literature.…”

“…Conducting a thorough analysis, we then mapped the technologies at the household level, uncovering a dominant top-down, technocratic approach to smart energy management. We adopted the ITU-T Series Y framework [17] and Feng's model [5], and subsequently, our work enhances the existing knowledge by extending the framework and incorporating the layered approach from the model mentioned. Despite the broad nature of these frameworks, they do not address the human-to-technology interaction with these smart technologies at the household level nor exemplify how they may impact energy consumption practices.…”

“…The emerging capabilities of technology have resulted in the incorporation of smart technology to digitally connect and coordinate various urban systems in an overarching information system [17]. According to Feng [5], the rapid development of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and ICT, which are all part of smart city technologies, may develop the smart city architecture into a human brain-like function. The concept anticipates that, besides having visual, auditory, tactile, and motor nervous systems, these smart technologies will eventually evolve the city, similarly to how the human brain functions, as indicated in Figure 1.…”

“…The concept anticipates that, besides having visual, auditory, tactile, and motor nervous systems, these smart technologies will eventually evolve the city, similarly to how the human brain functions, as indicated in Figure 1. The City Brain, as envisioned by Feng [5], can achieve human-human, human-things, and things-things information interaction through the city neural network (Bis SNS) and achieve a rapid smart response to city services through the cloud reflex arcs, with the support of the city central nervous system (cloud computing), the city sensory nervous system (cloud computing), the city motor nervous system (Industrial Internet), and the city nerve endings (edge computing). Similarly, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has proposed standards for leveraging ICT in smart city platforms to achieve urban sustainability [4].…”

“…The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) [4] defines a sustainable smart city (SSC) as "an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, the efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations concerning economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects". This aligns to enable society to advance, survive, and govern the planet more intelligently towards urban sustainability with the help of smart technology [5]. SSCs were conceived as a response to challenge the predominant reliance on technocentric strategies in achieving the desired sustainable future development of smart cities.…”