Citrus

Chen, Yike; Barzee, Tyler J.; Zhang, Ruihong; Pan, Zhongli

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814138-0.00009-5

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Citrus fruits belong to the group of the largest crops in the world, with an annual production of more than 146 million tons [ 1 ]. The largest world citrus producers are China, Brazil, the USA, India, and Mexico [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Major By-Products of Citrus hystrix Peel and Their Characteristics in the Context of Utilization in the Industry

et al. 2023

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Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) is a popular citrus in Southeast Asia. Despite the growing interest in the peel of the fruit, the leaves are the most frequently used part of the fruit. The aim of the study was to determine the main by-products of the peel, such as pectins, minerals, essential oil, and bioactive compounds, and to evaluate the possibility of using them in various branches of industry. In the study of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation performed using the TGA chromatography technique (GC-MS), sabinene (31.93%), β-pinene (26%), and limonene (19%) were selected as the most abundant volatile compounds. Nine microelements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mo, and V), four macroelements (Mg, Ca, K, and Na), and seven ballast substances (Cd, Hg, Pb, Al, V, Sr, and Pt) were also determined using the microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry technique (MP-AES). In the case of microelements, iron 32.72 ± 0.39 mg/kg DW (dry weight) had the highest concentration. In the case of macroelements, the calcium content was 9416 ± 34 mg/kg DW. Optimization of the pectin extraction was also performed by selecting citric acid and obtaining a yield of 7.6–17.6% for acid extraction and 9.9–28.2% for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), depending on the temperature used. The obtained pectins were characterized by the degree of methylation, galacturonic acid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analysis. Among bioactive compounds, the contents of polyphenols (22.63 ± 2.12 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (2.72 ± 0.25 mg CE/g DW, vitamin C (2.43 ± 0.19 mg Asc), xantoproteins + carotenes (53.8 ± 4.24 ug), anthocyanins (24.8 ± 1.8 mg CGE/kg DW), and chlorophylls A and B (188.5 ± 8.1, 60.4 ± 3.23 µg/g DW) were evaluated. Antioxidant capacity using (cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity) CUPRAC and DPPH assays was also provided with the results of 76.98 ± 8.1, and 12.01 ± 1.02 µmol TE/g DW, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Major By-Products of Citrus hystrix Peel and Their Characteristics in the Context of Utilization in the Industry

et al. 2023

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“…Kinnow is the major fruit crop predominantly grown in the northern region of India and an important biological resource to be comprehensively utilized. Globally, the citrus industry has developed in more than 140 countries with an annual output of >146 million tons (Chen et al., 2019) and contributes >18% of total fruit production in the world. Most Kinnow fruits were mainly used for juice production and its processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass transfer kinetics and process optimization of osmotic dehydration of Kinnow mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ) peel

Kaur

Rana

Sridhar

2022

Food Processing Preservation

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Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is a hybrid citrus cultivar of 'King' and 'Willow leaf' mandarin and received much scientific attention in terms of nutrition, health benefits, and economic value . Kinnow is the major fruit crop predominantly grown in the northern region of India and an important biological resource to be comprehensively utilized. Globally, the citrus industry has developed in more than 140 countries with an annual output of >146 million tons (Chen et al., 2019) and contributes >18% of total fruit production in the world. Most Kinnow fruits were mainly used for juice production and its processing. Kinnow peel and pulp residues are the most significant by-products generated from Kinnow juice manufacturing process, which accounts for 55-60% of the original fruit weight (Singla, Singh, et al., 2021). This is the major concern associated with the disposal of Kinnow juice processing waste that led to various environmental hazards due to its unpleasant and unhygienic nature. Thus, sustainable approaches to utilize or convert this "waste" into value-added products should be necessary through circular engineering models.

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Assessment of the Environmental and Economic Performance of Heat Generation from Orange Peels and Sugarcane Straw

et al. 2021

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Citrus

Cited by 11 publications

References 75 publications

Determination of the Major By-Products of Citrus hystrix Peel and Their Characteristics in the Context of Utilization in the Industry

Determination of the Major By-Products of Citrus hystrix Peel and Their Characteristics in the Context of Utilization in the Industry

Mass transfer kinetics and process optimization of osmotic dehydration of Kinnow mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ) peel

Assessment of the Environmental and Economic Performance of Heat Generation from Orange Peels and Sugarcane Straw

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