Citrus bergamia essential oil: from basic research to clinical application

Abstract

Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau, also known as “Bergamot,” is a plant belonging to the Rutaceae family, defined as a hybrid of bitter orange and lemon. It is an endemic plant of the Calabria region (Italy). Bergamot fruit is primarily used for the extraction of its essential oil (bergamot essential oil: BEO), employed in perfume, cosmetics, food, and confections. The aim of this review was to collect recent data from the literature on C. bergamia essential oil and, through a critical analysis, focus on safety and the beneficial effects on human health. Clinical studies on the therapeutic applications of BEO exclusively focus on the field of aromatherapy, suggesting that its use can be useful for reducing anxiety and stress.

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of bergamot essential oils on different Listeria monocytogenes strains

“…These substances and their components are used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, nematocidal, anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant properties (Frassinetti et al , 2011; Giarratana et al , 2014, 2015a, 2015b; Rota et al , 2008; Silva-Angulo et al , 2015). Bergamot essential oil (BEO), extracted from the peel of Citrus bergamia Risso , is characterized by several of these properties (Navarra et al , 2016; Pernice et al , 2009; Sicari et al , 2015; Trombetta et al , 2010). C. bergamia Risso is a typical fruit of southern Italy and its production is limited to the Ionian Sea coastal areas of Reggio di Calabria province (Sicari et al.…”

“…, 2015). BEO antibacterial and antiseptic activity is related to the presence of well-recognized antimicrobial compounds (Fisher and Phillips, 2006; Navarra et al , 2016; Pernice et al , 2009). These substances can be distinguished in volatile (e.g.…”

Effectiveness of Citrus Fruits on Helicobacter pylori

“…Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau, also called bergamot, is a less known fruit tree mainly growing in the southern coast of Calabria region (Italy), where the particular microclimate is ideal for its cultivation [37]. It is considered as hybrid between sour orange and lime ( Citrus aurantifolia [Christm.…”

“…& Panzer] Swingle) or between Citrus aurantium L. (sour orange) and Citrus limon L. Burm. f. (lemon) or a mutation of the latter [37]. Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the main commercial product of bergamot industry, which take part in the composition of many fragrances [38].…”

Selection of CTV-tolerant citrus hybrids for ornamental use

“…The genetic variability of these genera is extensive, notably in Citrus, enabling obtaining new varieties, rootstocks and scions with the ability to promote sustainability of the citrus agribusiness, not only for production of fruits for food, but also for other purposes, such as making drugs, cosmetics and perfumes [3][4][5]. Additionally, because of the beauty and originality of plant shapes, they are increasingly being used for ornamental purposes [6][7][8].…”