Citrulline and Skeletal Muscle

Breuillard, C.; Goron, Arthur; Moinard, Christophe

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-810422-4.00019-1

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In line with this, it was reported that the absolute and relative weight of thigh muscles were linearly increased in broilers with increasing levels of digestible arginine/lysine ratio, probably due to the actions of arginine on muscle creatine synthesis [ 26 ]. Thus, the potential for increased muscle mass observed with arginine and L- Cit supplementation may be further investigated over longer periods since both AA are involved in protein turnover and protein synthesis [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of arginine replacement with L-citrulline on the arginine/nitric oxide metabolism in chickens: An animal model without urea cycle

Uyanga

Sun

Liu

et al. 2023

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Background This study examined the efficacy of L-citrulline supplementation on the arginine/nitric oxide metabolism, and intestinal functions of broilers during arginine deficiency. A total of 288 day-old Arbor Acre broilers were randomly assigned to either an arginine deficient basal diet (NC diet), NC diet + 0.50% L-arginine (PC diet), or NC diet + 0.50% L-citrulline (NCL diet). Production performance was recorded, and at 21 days old, chickens were euthanized for tissue collection. Results The dietary treatments did not affect the growth performance of broilers (P > 0.05), although NC diet increased the plasma alanine aminotransferase, urate, and several amino acids, except arginine (P < 0.05). In contrast, NCL diet elevated the arginine and ornithine concentration higher than NC diet, and it increased the plasma citrulline greater than the PC diet (P < 0.05). The nitric oxide concentration in the kidney and liver tissues, along with the plasma and liver eNOS activities were promoted by NCL diet higher than PC diet (P < 0.05). In the liver, the activities of arginase 1, ASS, and ASL, as well as, the gene expression of iNOS and OTC were induced by PC diet greater than NC diet (P < 0.05). In the kidney, the arginase 1, ASS and ASL enzymes were also increased by PC diet significantly higher than the NC and NCL diets. Comparatively, the kidney had higher abundance of nNOS, ASS, ARG2, and OTC genes than the liver tissue (P < 0.05). In addition, NCL diet upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of intestinal nutrient transporters (EAAT3 and PEPT1), tight junction proteins (Claudin 1 and Occludin), and intestinal mucosal defense (MUC2 and pIgR). The intestinal morphology revealed that both PC and NCL diets improved (P < 0.05) the ileal VH/CD ratio and the jejunal VH and VH/CD ratio compared to the NC fed broilers. Conclusion This study revealed that NCL diet supported arginine metabolism, nitric oxide synthesis, and promoted the intestinal function of broilers. Thus, L-citrulline may serve as a partial arginine replacement in broiler's diet without detrimental impacts on the performance, arginine metabolism and gut health of chickens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of arginine replacement with L-citrulline on the arginine/nitric oxide metabolism in chickens: An animal model without urea cycle

Uyanga

Sun

Liu

et al. 2023

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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“…This suggests that HS may influence the mTOR signaling in a temperature-dependent manner. Additionally, citrulline can regulate muscle protein synthesis via the mTORC1 signaling pathway and activation of its downstream effectors, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 ( Le Plenier et al, 2012 ; Goron et al, 2017 ; Le Plénier et al, 2017 ; Breuillard et al, 2019 ; Filippi et al, 2021 ). Therefore, the lack of significant changes in mTOR’s upstream and downstream targets suggests other possible routes for its activation since it is a key metabolic sensor involved in multiple biological activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary L-citrulline modulates the growth performance, amino acid profile, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in broilers exposed to high temperature

et al. 2022

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Heat stress adversely affects the growth performance, muscle development, and protein metabolism in poultry. l-Citrulline (L-Cit), is a non-essential amino acid that is known to stimulate muscle protein synthesis under stress conditions. This study investigated whether L-Cit could influence the growth performance, amino acid profile, and protein metabolism in broilers exposed to high ambient temperature. In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, Arbor acre broilers (288 chickens) were fed with basal diet (CON) or 1% L-Cit supplemented diet and later subjected to either thermoneutral (TNZ: 24°C, 24 h/d) or heat stress (HS: 35°C for 8 h/d) environment for 21 days. The results showed that L-Cit diet promoted the body weight and body weight gain of broilers higher than the CON diet, and it further alleviated HS suppression of body weight and feed intake at certain periods (p < 0.05). Plasma urea, uric acid, glucose, and total cholesterol were elevated during HS, whereas, the triglyceride content was decreased (p < 0.05). Serum amino acids including citrulline, alanine, aspartate, and taurine were decreased by HS. L-Cit supplementation restored the citrulline level and alleviated HS induction of 3-methylhistidine (p < 0.05). L-Cit supplementation increased the plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration, as well as the GH concentration in the breast muscle (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression showed that HS elicited tissue-specific responses by upregulating some growth factors in the breast muscle, but downregulated the GH receptor, GH binding protein, and IGF-1 expression in the hypothalamus. L-Cit supplementation upregulated the GHRH and IGFBP2 expression in the hypothalamus. L-Cit also upregulated the expression of IGF-1R and IGFBP2 in the breast muscle of HS broilers. The total mTOR protein level in the breast muscle of HS broilers was also increased by L-Cit diet (p < 0.05). Therefore, this study demonstrated that HS negatively affected the growth performance of broilers and dysregulated the expression of growth factors related to protein metabolism. Contrarily, L-Cit promoted the growth responses of broilers via its stimulation of circulating GH/IGF-1 concentration. To certain extents, L-Cit supplementation elicited protective effects on the growth performance of HS broilers by diminishing protein catabolism.

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Functional roles of taurine, L-theanine, L-citrulline, and betaine during heat stress in poultry

Uyanga

Oke

Amevor

et al. 2022

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental stress factor affecting poultry production on a global scale. With the rise in ambient temperature and increasing effects of global warming, it becomes pertinent to understand the effects of HS on poultry production and the strategies that can be adopted to mitigate its detrimental impacts on the performance, health, welfare, immunity, and survival of birds. Amino acids (AAs) have been increasingly adopted as nutritional modifiers in animals to ameliorate the adverse effects of HS. They are essential for protein synthesis, growth, maintenance, reproduction, immunity, stress response, and whole-body homeostasis. However, HS tends to adversely affect the availability, transport, absorption, and utilization of these AAs. Studies have investigated the provision of these AAs to poultry during HS conditions, and variable findings have been reported. Taurine, L-theanine, and L-citrulline are non-essential amino acids that are increasingly gaining attention as nutritional supplements in HS animals. Similarly, betaine is an amino acid derivative that possesses favorable biological properties which contributes to its role as a functional additive during HS. Of particular note, taurine is negligible in plants, while betaine, L-theanine, and L-citrulline can be found in selected plants. These nutrients are barely found in feed ingredients, but their supply has been shown to elicit important physiological roles including anti-stress effects, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, gut promoting, and immunomodulatory functions. The present review provides information on the use of these nutritionally and physiologically beneficial nutrients as functional additives to poultry diets during HS conditions. Presently, although several studies have reported on the positive effects of these additives in human and murine studies, however, there is limited information regarding their utilization during heat stress in poultry nutrition. Therefore, this review aims to expound on the functional properties of these nutrients, their potentials for HS alleviation, and to stimulate further researches on their biological roles in poultry nutrition.

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Citrulline and Skeletal Muscle

Cited by 3 publications

References 37 publications

Effects of arginine replacement with L-citrulline on the arginine/nitric oxide metabolism in chickens: An animal model without urea cycle

Effects of arginine replacement with L-citrulline on the arginine/nitric oxide metabolism in chickens: An animal model without urea cycle

Dietary L-citrulline modulates the growth performance, amino acid profile, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in broilers exposed to high temperature

Functional roles of taurine, L-theanine, L-citrulline, and betaine during heat stress in poultry

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