Citrobacter tructae sp. nov. Isolated from Kidney of Diseased Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract

A novel Citrobacter species was isolated from the kidney of diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared on a trout farm. Biochemical characterization and phylogenetic analysis were performed for bacterial identification. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and five housekeeping genes indicated that the strain belongs to the Citrobacter genus. However, multilocus sequence analysis, a comparison of average nucleotide identity, and genome-to-genome distance values revealed that strain SNU WT2 is distinct and forms a separate clade from other Citrobacter species. Additionally, the phenotype characteristics of the strain differed from those of other Citrobacter species. Quinone analysis indicated that the predominant isoprenoid quinone is Q-10. Furthermore, strain virulence was determined by a rainbow trout challenge trial, and the strain showed resistance to diverse antibiotics including β-lactams, quinolone, and aminoglycosides. The complete genome of strain SNU WT2 is 4,840,504 bp with a DNA G + C content of 51.94% and 106,068-bp plasmid. Genome analysis revealed that the strain carries virulence factors on its chromosome and antibiotic resistance genes on its plasmid. This strain represents a novel species in the genus Citrobacter for which the name C. tructae has been proposed, with SNU WT2 (=KCTC 72517 = JCM 33612) as the type strain.

Sterilization of Water-Based Cutting Fluids Using Compact Air-Cooled Coaxial Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor with Bubbler

“…Among these, Achromobacter, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus were the major genera identified in the water-soluble cutting fluid. Among the isolated bacteria, Achromobacter xylosoxidans has been isolated from hospitals, homes, and water, has been reported to produce foul odors, and is infectious to humans [26][27][28][29][30], whereas Citrobacter farmeri has been reported to cause illness in humans and is also known to produce foul odors [31][32][33]. Strains of Pseudomonas chengduensis have been found in humans (disease), animals, waste cooking oil, and landfills and have been reported as odor-causing bacteria, similar to other bacteria.…”

Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Citrobacter werkmanii, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen

“…The genus Citrobacter , a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae , is composed of Gram-negative bacteria that are non-spore-forming bacilli and that have the ability to use citrate as a carbon source [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. To date, the genus has been classified into 18 species, based on traditional and molecular techniques [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Citrobacter species have many reservoirs, including the human and animal gastrointestinal tracts, and these species can also be found in water, soil, and food [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].…”