Citrinin and endosulfan induced teratogenic effects in Wistar rats

Abstract

Dietary exposures to food pollutants such as mycotoxin(s) or pesticide(s) are most significant due to their adverse effects on the production and reproduction in animals and the human population. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the teratogenic potential of citrinin (CIT) and endosulfan either alone or in combination in pregnant rats during gestational days 6-20. Endosulfan (1 mg kg(-1) body weight, by oral intubation) and CIT (10 mg kg(-1) feed, through diet) when administered either alone or in combination in pregnant rats caused significant teratogenic effects in the developing fetuses. There was no maternal mortality, however, reduced maternal weight gain and number of live fetuses and increased fetal resorptions were recorded in all the treated groups. The fetal body weights and crown to rump lengths were significantly decreased and the per cent gross, visceral and skeletal anomalies were significantly increased in the fetuses of dams of all the treated groups. The internal hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia, microphthalmia, contracted and notched kidneys, multilobulated liver, dilated renal pelvis, incomplete ossification of skull bones, rib anomalies and sacral and caudal vertebrae agenesis were the important fetal malformations. The occurrence of fetal gross, skeletal and visceral malformations was more severe in the combination group, suggesting an additive interaction of CIT and endosulfan in inducing developmental toxicity in Wistar rats.

Citrinin and endosulfan induced maternal toxicity in pregnant Wistar rats: pathomorphological study

“…The toxins were given from day 6 to 20 of gestation to prevent the preimplantation and early post-implantation losses during days 0 to 5 of gestation. Moreover, since one of the objectives of the study was to assess the teratogenicity of CIT and endosulfan (Singh et al, 2007), the period of dosing selected was to coincide with organogenesis in the developing fetus during days 6 to 20 of gestation.…”

Clinical Aspects of the Poisoning by the Pesticide Endosulfan

“…95,117,118 Teratogenicity A relationship has been observed between maternal exposure and fetal malformations in the skull, ribs and spine of rats. 100,119 Similar teratogenic effects, as well as accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, underdeveloped cerebrum, incomplete ossification of skull bones, and malformations of the liver, kidneys, ribs and renal pelvis were observed. 120 …”

Effects of red monascal rice supplementation on growth, digestive function and oocyte maturation in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan, 1910)

“…Effects of the mycotoxin citrinin on inhibiting the maturation of oocytes, fertilization efficiency and fetal development have been investigated (Chan and Shiao, 2007;Chan, 2008). Moreover, citrinin plays a potent role in inducing maternal toxicity (Singh et al, 2007b) and teratogenic effects in Wistar rats (Singh et al, 2007a). This is similar to its toxic effect on the male reproductive system, increasing the number of abnormal spermatozoa and decreasing the number of live spermatozoa (Qingqing et al, 2012).…”

“…produces up to 2.5 g kg -1 citrinin, while liquid culture has reached as high as 56 mg kg -1 (Eisenbrand, 2006). This compound has been found to induce reproductive abnor-malities in male gametes (Qingqing et al, 2012), and to reduce the rate of oocyte maturation and fertilization (Chan, 2008); it also has a teratogenic effect (Chan and Shiao, 2007;Singh et al, 2007a;Chan, 2008), and has induced maternal toxicity in pregnant rats (Singh et al, 2007b). Moreover, it has been associated with cytoto-xicity (Liu et al, 2005) and the activation of apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway (Yu et al, 2006).…”