Citricoccus muralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a medieval wall painting

Abstract

A Gram-positive, aerobic, spherical actinobacterium, designated strain 4-0(T), was isolated from a medieval wall painting and characterized to determine its taxonomic position. The peptidoglycan of strain 4-0(T) was of type A4alpha, with lysine as the diagnostic cell wall diamino acid and an interpeptide bridge of Lys-Gly-Glu. Its quinone system contained predominantly MK-9(H2) (64%) and its polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, four unknown glycolipids, two unknown phospholipids and an unknown lipid. The fatty acid profile of strain 4-0(T) was represented by significant amounts of ai-C15:0 and moderate amounts of ai-C17:0, i-C16:0 and i-C15:0 fatty acids. Spermidine was predominant in the polyamine pattern. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68 mol%. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence studies revealed the highest similarity values (95.4-96.1%) between strain 4-0(T) and species of the genus Micrococcus and certain species of the genus Arthrobacter, including Arthrobacter pascens DSM 20545(T), Arthrobacter ramosus DSM 20546(T), Arthrobacterprotophormiae DSM 20168(T), Arthrobacternicotianae DSM 20123(T) and Arthrobacter globiformis DSM 20124(T). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that strain 4-0(T) branches deeply on the Micrococcus lineage. Because it is almost equidistant phylogenetically from the genera Micrococcus and Arthrobacter and possesses significant differences in chemotaxonomic characteristics from members of these genera, it is suggested that strain 4-0(T) be classified as a novel species in a new genus; the name Citricoccus muralis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 4-0(T) (= DSM 11442(T) CCM 4981(T)).

Diversity and biological activities of the bacterial community associated with the marine sponge Phorbas tenacior (Porifera, Demospongiae)

“…Members of the Citricoccus genus have been reported from very diverse habitats including medieval wall painting (Altenburger et al . ), desert soil in Egypt (Li et al . ), bioreactor for saline wastewater (Meng et al .…”

Citricoccus yambaruensis sp. nov., a racemic phenylsuccinate stereospecifically assimilating actinomycete isolated from soil in Okinawa

“…Differential characteristics of strain PS9 T and its nearest phylogenetic neighbors, Citricoccus species, are shown in Table 1 (Altenburger et al, 2002;Li et al, 2005;Meng et al, 2010;Nielsen et al, 2011;Schaefer et al, 2010). The isolate and Citricoccus species were similar to each other in respect to their cell morphology, Gram-staining reaction, peptidoglycan type and basic physiologies.…”

“…58 MATSUI, SEMBA, and HANADA phatidylinositol and several unknown lipids are the major polar lipids; and anteiso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 17:0 , iso-C 16:0 and iso-C 15:0 are the major cellular fatty acids (Altenburger et al, 2002;Li et al, 2005;Nielsen et al, 2011). The newly isolated strain possessed similar traits to these members, suggesting that it should be classifi ed under the genus Citricoccus.…”

“…The description is as given by Altenburger et al (2002) with the following changes. Polar lipids of most strains are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, four unknown glycolipids, two unknown phospholipids and an unknown lipid, but phosphatidylinositol is not detected and phosphatidylserin is detected in the type strain of C. yambaruensis.…”