Citrate in calcium transport and biomineralisation

Preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-hyaluronic acid hybrid membranes through citric acid molecular mediation

“…45 Furthermore, the proportion of nonfreezing water molecules increased slightly with the introduction of NPs (Fig. 3(b)), which could be attributed to the coordination of hydrated molecules of Cit with Ca ions of the NPs, 39 suggesting the successful introduction of NPs into the membranes (Fig. 3(c) purple-color square).…”

“…The segregation of the much smaller substances was also observed, which could be attributed to the precipitation and segregation of the nanocrystals (e.g., calcium citrate hydrate, etc.). 39 The homogeneous phase-shift images indicated that the membrane surfaces were predominantly soft (e.g., polymeric) surfaces. During ethanol washing, the Cit/HAp NPs would be washed away, and the hydrophobic interactions between HYA molecules were enhanced to cause aggregation near the membrane surfaces.…”

“…). 39 The homogeneous phase-shift images indicated that the membrane surfaces were predominantly soft ( e.g. , polymeric) surfaces.…”

“…This was attributed to the absorption of more water molecules from the atmosphere on the surface of the membrane. Inside the membrane, the Cit-Ca hydrates 39 including the rigid nonfreezing water molecules were stabilized through the introduction of NPs, suggesting the interactions between the –CH 3 OH groups and NPs via the water in the membranes (Fig. 3(c) blue-color square).…”

Research Progress in the Industrial Crystallization of Citrate—A Review

“…Moreover, for the purpose of enhancing particle uniformity and the purity of zinc citrate dihydrate crystal products, good control of the reaction system conditions, especially pH, is critical. Some studies report that when the pH of the reaction end point is kept within the range of 4.5-5.5, the content of zinc citrate in the manufactured products can reach 97.0-99.8% by weight [64,65].…”