Citizen science and integrative taxonomy reveal a great diversity within Caribbean Chaetopteridae (Annelida), with the description of one new species

Unraveling the phylogeny of Chaetopteridae (Annelida) through mitochondrial genome analysis

“…((Oweniidae + Magelonidae) + (Chaetopteridae + other annelid families)) agrees with the result in Struck et al (2023), while the BI analyses did not favor these relationships (Struck et al, 2023). Our Chaetopteridae clade was well supported, in agreement with the previous results based on universal biomarker genes (cox1, 18S, 28S) (Martin et al, 2008;Osborn et al, 2007;Morineaux et al, 2010;Weigert et al, 2014;Andrade et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015;Britayev et al, 2017;Moore et al, 2017;Martin et al, 2022;Yang et al, 2022), while differing from morphological studies based on larvae and adults, which classified Chaetopteridae as a family within Sabellida (Rouse and Fauchald, 1997;Brown et al, 1999 1999). (Apistobranchidae + (Psammodrilidae + Chaetopteridae)) formed the clade of Chaetopteriformia based on phylogenetic analysis using transcriptomes (Helm et al, 2018), however, only Chaetopteridae was included in the later report on mtgenome evolution in Annelida (Struck et al, 2023).…”

“…The monophyly of Chaetopterus and Mesochaetopterus was not supported by morphology and BI based on 28S (Osborn et al, 2007;Morineaux et al, 2010). In this study, Chaetopterus appears as a well-supported sister taxon to Mesochaetopterus, in agreement with Moore et al (2017); Martin et al (2022) and Zhang et al (2015). The paraphyletic relationship of Phyllochaetopterus + Spiochaetopterus is consistent with the results of the three scholars above.…”

“…Within Chaetopteridae, there have also been inconsistencies in the monophyly of the four traditionally recognized genera, as well as in the phylogenetic relationships among them. Chaetopterus and Mesochaetopterus were paraphyletic based on cox1 only (Morineaux et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2015), but monophyletic based on the combined dataset of cox1 and 18S (Martin et al, 2022) and cox1, 18S and 28S genes (Zhang et al, 2015;Moore et al, 2017), while the same authors found Phyllochaetopterus and Spiochaetopterus as paraphyletic, forming a sister clade to Mesochaetopterus + Chaetopterus (Osborn et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2015). Therefore, more taxon sampling within each chaetopterid genus and more genetic data for each species are required to provide a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of Chaetopteridae and to properly place this family in the annelid tree of life.…”

DataSheet_1.xlsx

“…((Oweniidae + Magelonidae) + (Chaetopteridae + other annelid families)) agrees with the result in Struck et al (2023), while the BI analyses did not favor these relationships (Struck et al, 2023). Our Chaetopteridae clade was well supported, in agreement with the previous results based on universal biomarker genes (cox1, 18S, 28S) (Martin et al, 2008;Osborn et al, 2007;Morineaux et al, 2010;Weigert et al, 2014;Andrade et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015;Britayev et al, 2017;Moore et al, 2017;Martin et al, 2022;Yang et al, 2022), while differing from morphological studies based on larvae and adults, which classified Chaetopteridae as a family within Sabellida (Rouse and Fauchald, 1997;Brown et al, 1999 1999). (Apistobranchidae + (Psammodrilidae + Chaetopteridae)) formed the clade of Chaetopteriformia based on phylogenetic analysis using transcriptomes (Helm et al, 2018), however, only Chaetopteridae was included in the later report on mtgenome evolution in Annelida (Struck et al, 2023).…”

“…Within Chaetopteridae, there have also been inconsistencies in the monophyly of the four traditionally recognized genera, as well as in the phylogenetic relationships among them. Chaetopterus and Mesochaetopterus were paraphyletic based on cox1 only (Morineaux et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2015), but monophyletic based on the combined dataset of cox1 and 18S (Martin et al, 2022) and cox1, 18S and 28S genes (Zhang et al, 2015;Moore et al, 2017), while the same authors found Phyllochaetopterus and Spiochaetopterus as paraphyletic, forming a sister clade to Mesochaetopterus + Chaetopterus (Osborn et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2015). Therefore, more taxon sampling within each chaetopterid genus and more genetic data for each species are required to provide a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of Chaetopteridae and to properly place this family in the annelid tree of life.…”