Aiming to understand how scholars of East Asian Studies use East Asian sources (mainly in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) in their research, this citation study analyzed bibliographies of 213 PhD dissertations from 32 (East) Asian Studies programs in the United States and Canada from 2013 to 2015. The study examined the number and percentage of East Asian sources cited in each bibliography, as well as format and publication year of each East Asian source cited. The results have important and practical implications for collection development and management. North American sustained academic interest in East Asia 1 started from the early 20th century when "Yale and Columbia University embarked on what has since become their substantial commitment to the study of East Asia." 2 The two decades after World War II witnessed the crucial development of East Asian Studies 3 as an academic field, a development fueled by the international crises during the war and the perceived importance of a better understanding of other parts of the world. With support from the federal government and private foundations, East Asian Studies programs 4 mushroomed on many university campuses. In the following years, despite the declining external funding support for East Asian Studies programs, scholarly interests in East Asia continued to grow and expand. The continuing and increasing interest in East Asia has led to 362 5 East Asian Studies programs and more than 700 6 scholars specializing in East Asia across the United States and Canada. North American research libraries have a long and illustrious history of collecting East Asian materials 7 to support their academic programs and scholars. By the 1930s, substantial collections in East Asian languages had been established in many universities, including Columbia, Harvard, Yale, and Berkeley. 8 In fewer than 100 years, the number of universities that have made considerable efforts in building East Asian collections has grown from just a handful to more than 50, with the total number of volumes in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean reaching 25 million in 2016. 9 Despite the growth these numbers represent, it has, since the 1980s, become a widespread concern among librarians that the budgetary pressure on libraries has created a crisis in developing East Asian collections. In a time when library budgets are declining, East Asian Studies librarians face the frustrating predicament of justifying the value of their East Asian collections