Circumscription—A form of non-monotonic reasoning

McCarthy, John

doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90011-9

Cited by 1,494 publications

(339 citation statements)

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“…John McCarthy holds in 1980 that builders of logic-based intelligent systems must first list everything that exists, building an ontology of our world (McCarthy 1980). Then follows Patrick Hayes and his work on Naïve Physics (Hayes 1983), where Hayes holds that the future progress in artificial intelligence depends on massive formalisation of the ontological features of the common-sense physical reality.…”

Section: Ontology As a Branch Of Computer And Information Sciencementioning

confidence: 98%

Ontologies in the context of product lifecycle management: state of the art literature review

Kadiri

Kiritsis

2015

International Journal of Production Research

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The use of ontologies in the context of product lifecycle management (PLM) is gaining importance and popularity, while at the same time it generates a lot of controversy in discussions within scientific and engineering communities. Yet, what is ontology? What challenges have been addressed so far? What role does ontology play? Do we really need ontology? These are the core questions this paper seeks to address. We propose to conduct a comprehensive study of the concept of Ontology firstly in its domain of origin, Philosophy, and secondly in information science. Based on the understanding of this concept and an in-depth analysis of the state of the art, seven key roles of ontology are defined. These roles serve as a framework describing the general state of research on the use of ontologies in the context of PLM.

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Section: Ontology As a Branch Of Computer And Information Sciencementioning

confidence: 98%

Ontologies in the context of product lifecycle management: state of the art literature review

Kadiri

Kiritsis

2015

International Journal of Production Research

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“…Circumscription (McCarthy 1980) is one of the best-known formalisms of nonmonotonic reasoning. Prioritized circumscription (Lifschitz 1985;McCarthy 1986) is an alternative way of introducing circumscription by means of an ordering on tuples of predicates satisfying an axiom.…”

Section: Prioritized Circumscriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Classification and Survey of Preference Handling Approaches in Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Delgrande

Schaub

Tompits

et al. 2004

Computational Intelligence

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In recent years, there has been a large amount of disparate work concerning the representation and reasoning with qualitative preferential information by means of approaches to nonmonotonic reasoning. Given the variety of underlying systems, assumptions, motivations, and intuitions, it is difficult to compare or relate one approach with another. Here, we present an overview and classification for approaches to dealing with preference. A set of criteria for classifying approaches is given, followed by a set of desiderata that an approach might be expected to satisfy. A comprehensive set of approaches is subsequently given and classified with respect to these sets of underlying principles.

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“…There were a few attempts to formalize commonsense reasoning by extending the set of inference rules of classical logic; this applies to the nonmonotonic logic of McDermott and Doyle (1980), the default logic of Reiter (1980), and the circumscription of McCarthy (1980;1986). The idea behind the last method (circumscription) can be expressed as follows: A similar list for the default logic of Reiter is shorter and puts accents on a different aspect of reasoning: 0 The role of a default is to fill in a gap in a knowledge base.…”

Section: Commonsense Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasoning With Background Knowledge–a Three‐level Theory

Zadrozny¹

1994

Computational Intelligence

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We address the problem of reasoning in cases when knowledge bases containing background knowledge are understood not as sets of formulas (rules and facts) but as collections of partially ordered theories. In our system, the usual, two‐part logical structures, consisting of a metalevel and an object level, are augmented by a third level–a referential level. The referential level is a partially ordered collection of theories; it encodes background knowledge. As usual, current situations are described on the object level, and the metalevel is a place for rules that can eliminate some of the models permitted by the object level and the referential level. As a logic of reasoning the system generalizes the standard model of a rational agent: deducing actions and deriving new information about the world from a logical theory–its knowledge base. It is a natural logical system in which priorities on the possible readings of predicates, not special rules of inference, are the main source of nonmonotonicity. We introduce a theory forming operator PT(x) to exploit the priorities, and we investigate its basic logical properties. Then we show how such a system can be augmented by metarules. Although this paper concentrates on basic logical properties of the new theory, this formalism has already been applied to model a number of natural language phenomena such as the notion of text coherence, Gricean maxims, vagueness, and a few others. The paper also briefly compares it with the model of background knowledge of CYC, as proposed by Lenat and Guha.

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Circumscription—A form of non-monotonic reasoning

Cited by 1,494 publications

References 1 publication

Ontologies in the context of product lifecycle management: state of the art literature review

Ontologies in the context of product lifecycle management: state of the art literature review

A Classification and Survey of Preference Handling Approaches in Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Reasoning With Background Knowledge–a Three‐level Theory

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