Circulatory effects of apnoea in elite breath‐hold divers

Joulia, Fabrice; Lemaître, F.; Fontanari, Pierre; Mille, Markus; Barthélémy, Pierre

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.01982.x

Cited by 48 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…That may be connected with less pronounced redistribution of blood flow from peripheral tissues and decrease of peripheral tissue metabolic rate in divers than in non-divers. These effects could be caused by vasospasm in limb muscles (Joulia et al 2009), as well as by specific mental techniques aimed at muscle relaxation and slowing down heart rate during breath-holding used by divers (Schagatay 2009;Kusakov 2012). …”

Section: Apnoea-induced Cardiorespiratory Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged dry apnoea: effects on brain activity and physiological functions in breath-hold divers and non-divers

et al. 2016

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Our findings contradicted the primary hypothesis. Apnoea up to 5 min does not lead to notable cerebral hypoxia or a decrease of brain performance in either breath-hold divers or non-divers. It seems to be the result of the compensatory mechanisms similar to the diving response aimed at centralising blood circulation and reducing peripheral O2 uptake. Adaptive changes during apnoea are much more prominent in trained breath-hold divers.

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Section: Apnoea-induced Cardiorespiratory Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged dry apnoea: effects on brain activity and physiological functions in breath-hold divers and non-divers

et al. 2016

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“…The important difference between drug-induced bradycardia and reflex bradycardia is the maintenance of preload by vasoconstriction which preserves ventricular filling25 48 (figure 1). …”

Section: Mechanisms Of Bradycardiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Bradycardia during critical care intubation: mechanisms, significance and atropine: Figure 1

2011

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Bradycardia occurs during the intubation of some critically ill children as a result of vagal stimulation due to hypoxia and/or laryngeal stimulation; such 'stable' bradycardia is accompanied by selective vasoconstriction. Some induction drugs also induce bradycardia which may be accompanied by vasodilatation which is also a feature of certain pathologies, which influence the progression to 'unstable' bradycardia, which does not respond to re-oxygenation and a pause in laryngoscopy. Preintubation atropine diminishes the overall incidence of stable bradycardia during routine anaesthesia. However, clinical studies of critical care intubation show that atropine does not prevent all episodes of bradycardia and specifically cannot affect vasodilatation. As such, there is insufficient evidence to support a recommendation for the indiscriminate use of atropine for intubation during critical care illness, including simple neonatal respiratory distress. Atropine is appropriate during septic or late stage hypovolaemic shock where abnormal vasomotor tone and bradycardia may potentially set up a negative feedback loop of cardiac hypo-oxygenation and hypoperfusion and during premedication when using suxamethonium.

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“…Elite freedivers are able to hold their breath for a long time, with oxygen blood saturation decreasing to 50% of the normal saturation level and a simultaneous and significant increase in CO 2 partial pressure (Ferretti, 2001). This indicates development of adaptive mechanisms that protect divers from anoxia as well as decelerating usage of O 2 (Joulia et al, 2009). These mechanisms activate themselves during the dive and protect the diver from brain damage or loss of consciousness (Fagius and Sundlof, 1986, Gooden, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers

Ostrowski

Strzała

Stanula

et al. 2012

Journal of Human Kinetics

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Freediving is a sport in which athletes aim to achieve the longest or the deepest breath-hold dive. Divers are at risk of gradually increasing hypoxia and hypercapnia due to a long time spent underwater and additionally of increasing hyperoxia while depth diving. Exceeding the limits of hypoxia endurance leads to loss of consciousness or even to death whithout immediate first aid. Often enhanced world records indicate the ability to shape specific to the discipline adaptive mechanisms of cardio-pulmonary system which are individually conditioned. During stay underwater heartbeats decelerating called bradycardia, increase in blood pressure, peripheral blood vessels narrowing and blood centralization in freediver’s organism. These mechanisms enhance blood oxygen management as well as transporting it first of all to essential for survival organs, i.e. brain and heart. These mechanisms are supported by spleen and adrenal glands hormonal reactions.

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Circulatory effects of apnoea in elite breath‐hold divers

Abstract: These results confirm that elite divers present a potentiation of the well-known apnoea response in both SA and DA conditions. This response is associated with higher brain perfusion which may partly explain the high levels of world apnoea records.

Cited by 48 publications

References 43 publications

Prolonged dry apnoea: effects on brain activity and physiological functions in breath-hold divers and non-divers

Prolonged dry apnoea: effects on brain activity and physiological functions in breath-hold divers and non-divers

Bradycardia during critical care intubation: mechanisms, significance and atropine: Figure 1

The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers

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