Circulating renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system activity in cats with systemic hypertension or cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background Activity of the circulating renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) has not been comprehensively characterized in cats with systemic hypertension (SH) or cardiomyopathy (CM), and the effects of furosemide or amlodipine treatment on the RAAS have not been fully evaluated in cats. Hypothesis/Objectives To document RAAS activity in cats with SH or CM compared to healthy cats and determine how RAAS profiles change with furosemide or amlodipine treatment. Animals Sixty‐six client‐owned cats: 15 with SH (7 amlodipine‐treated, 8 untreated), 17 with advanced CM (7 furosemide‐treated, 10 not furosemide‐treated), and 34 healthy cats. Methods Equilibrium concentrations of RAAS peptides and aldosterone were quantified in serum samples by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Variables were compared between groups using Kruskal‐Wallis analysis with post hoc Holms‐corrected Dunn's testing. Results Compared with healthy cats, cats with CM had higher concentrations of angiotensin I, aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (all P < .01), and these differences remained significant (P < .03) after considering subgroups of untreated or furosemide‐treated cats. Compared with healthy cats, untreated cats with SH showed no differences in RAAS biomarkers, whereas amlodipine‐treated cats had higher concentrations of angiotensins I, II, III, IV, and 1‐7, aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (all P < .03). Multivariable analysis determined that furosemide and amlodipine treatments were independent predictors of increased RAAS biomarker concentrations. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cats with CM had increased RAAS activity, whereas cats with untreated SH did not. Furosemide and amlodipine both led to nonspecific activation of both classical and alternative RAAS pathways in cats.

Research progress of placental vascular pathophysiological changes in pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus

“…The Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension ( Crowley et al, 2006 ; Ward et al, 2022 ). Human placental RAS contains renin, angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin I (Ang I), angiotensin (1-7)) and angiotensin II (Ang II) and its type 1 receptor (AT1R) and type 2 receptor (AT2R) ( Ihara et al, 1987 ; Valdes et al, 2006 ; Gao et al, 2017 ).…”

HCM bei der Katze – Symptome, Diagnostik und aktuelle Empfehlungen für die Therapie

“…Insbesondere bei einer fortgeschrittenen Kardiomyopathie liegt eine deutliche Aktivierung des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-Systems (RAAS) vor [47]. Ein Argument für den Einsatz eines ACE-Hemmers oder von Spironolacton ist, den negativen Auswirkungen einer chronischen Aktivierung des RAAS in Form eines kardiovaskulären Remodelings entgegenzuwirken.…”

“…Nach initialer Stabilisierung besteht die Therapie der kongestiven Herzinsuffizienz v. a. aus Furosemid (Dosis meist 0,5 – 2 mg/kg/po alle 8 – 12 h), wobei die Erhaltungsdosis anhand der Ruheatemfrequenz ermittelt wird 8 . Da durch die Gabe von Furosemid das RAAS aktiviert wird, sollte ein ACE-Hemmer verabreicht werden 47 . Weiterhin wird Clopidogrel empfohlen und da Furosemid zu einer Kaliurese führt, muss ggf.…”

The classical and alternative circulating renin‐angiotensin system in normal dogs and dogs with stage B1 and B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease

“…The ED approach is more clinically practical and is the approach that has been reported in the veterinary literature thus far. [16][17][18][19][20] We sought to characterize the comprehensive circulating RAAS (RAS Fingerprint and aldosterone) in normal dogs and to determine the prevalence and magnitude of RAAS activation in dogs with stage B1 and B2 MMVD. Secondary aims were to evaluate week-to-week variation in RAS peptide concentrations in healthy dogs and compare peptide quantification from samples obtained with PI and samples obtained without PI (the latter using ED).…”

“…This situation represents the potential of an individual's RAS and allows for estimation of enzyme activity. The ED approach is more clinically practical and is the approach that has been reported in the veterinary literature thus far 16‐20 …”