Circulating Recombinant Form CRF02_AG in South America

Carrión, Gladys; Hierholzer, J.; Montano, Silvia M.; Alava, Aracely; Pérez, Juan J.; Guevara, Ángel; Laguna-Torres, V. Alberto; Mosquera, Carlos; Russell, Kevin L.; Cruz, C.; Chauca, Gloria; Kochel, Tadeusz J.; Birx, Deborah L.; Sánchez, José L.; Carr, Jean K.

doi:10.1089/088922203764969537

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…This has been stimulated by the socalled ''dollarization'' of its economy; the local currency (Sucre) is not longer accepted as a means of payment except for coinage, only US dollars are permitted as currency. Most immigrant FSW in this country were from the two neighbouring countries of Colombia and Peru, and most were in Guayaquil city (the main port of Ecuador, and a frequent commercial/tourist destination) (Carrion et al 2003). According to MoH policies, FSW are required to have periodic check-ups for STI (every 2 months for syphilis and every 4 months for chlamydia) and HIV infections (every 6 months) (IBERB 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Immigration Status and HIV-risk Related Behaviors among Female Sex Workers in South America

et al. 2007

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This study compares immigrant (i.e., foreigner) with non-immigrant (i.e., local/native) HIV-related risk behaviors among female sex workers (FSW) in South America. A total of 1,845 FSW were enrolled in Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Uruguay. According to their nationality, 10.1% of participants were immigrant FSW. Immigrant FSW were more likely to be younger in Argentina; to work in a disco/bar in Bolivia; to be single and use illegal drugs in Ecuador; and to work in a brothel, consume alcohol, and have sex with foreign clients in Uruguay. HIV-related sexual and drug use behaviors were more common among immigrant FSW in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Uruguay. Country-specific HIV/STI prevention and control programs should be developed for immigrant FSW populations in South America.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Immigration Status and HIV-risk Related Behaviors among Female Sex Workers in South America

et al. 2007

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“…In a previous MSM prevalence study in 2000-2001 in Buenos Aires, an HIV prevalence of 13.8% was estimated and after 1-year follow-up of the same population a high HIV incidence rate of 6% per 100-person years was found. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Participants in the present cohort study were enrolled from a baseline of self-reported HIV-negative MSM. However, 66 (7.5%) HIV-positive volunteers were found among them, suggesting their lack of awareness of the risk to which they were prone not only of contracting but also of potentially transmitting the infection to their sexual partners.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Buenos Aires Cohort of Men Who Have Sex with Men: Prevalence, Incidence, Risk Factors, and Molecular Genotyping of HIV Type 1

Segura

Estani

Marone

et al. 2007

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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The prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and molecular genotyping of HIV-1 infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) were assessed through a prospective cohort study. The study was conducted in Buenos Aires from February 2003 to December 2004. Sociodemographic, sexual risk behavior data, and blood samples for HIV testing were collected at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Cox regression analysis was applied to determine risk factors associated with HIV seroconversion. HIV-positive samples were analyzed by partial (pro/RT) and full-length genome sequencing. Of 811 HIV-negative participants evaluated at baseline, 327 volunteers that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Retention rates at 6 and 12 months were 97.2% and 91.5%, respectively. Twelve MSM seroconverted for HIV infection [incidence rate = 3.9 (95% CI = 2.0-6.7) per 100 person-years]. HIV seroconversion was associated with a greater number of different sexual contacts in the preceding 6 months (> or =10, hazard ratio = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.1-10.4). By partial pro/RT genotyping analysis, 83% HIV-positive samples were subtype B and 17% samples were BF recombinants, most of these being unique recombinant forms. This study describes for the first time the recruitment and follow-up of a cohort of MSM in Argentina. Retention rates and HIV incidence rate were high. These data should be considered as a promising potential population for HIV vaccine trials.

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“…This concern is further underscored by recent reports on the increasing prevalence of recombinant forms of HIV-1 in certain populations (Carrion et al, 2003;Cornelissen et al, 2000;Koulinska et al, 2001;Laukkanen et al, 2000;Montavon et al, 1999;Peeters & Sharp, 2000;Peeters et al, 2003;Yang et al, 2002;Yu et al, 2001). Already faced with the problems of antigenic drift due to the high mutation rate, the additional complexity of possible antigenic shift due to the emergence of complex HIV-1 chimeras may become an even greater impediment for the generation of prophylactic vaccines (Barouch & Letvin, 2002;Domingo et al, 1997;Heeney & Hahn, 2000;Klenerman et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Readily acquired secondary infections of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses following single intravenous exposure in non-human primates

Haaft

Verschoor

Verstrepen

et al. 2004

Journal of General Virology

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Accumulating evidence suggests that exposed individuals may acquire multiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections more frequently than originally believed. As a result, circulating recombinant forms of HIV are emerging that are of particular concern in the AIDS epidemic and HIV vaccine development efforts. The aim of this study was to determine under what conditions secondary or superinfections of HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) may be acquired under controlled settings in well-defined, non-human primate models. Retrospective analysis of macaques that had acquired apparent immunity upon infection with a defined attenuated SIV mac strain revealed that eight out of eight animals that were secondarily exposed to a new virus variant became infected with the new virus strain, but at low levels. Interestingly, similarly high frequencies of secondary infections were observed after early (4 months), as well as late (5 years), exposure following primary infection. As possible causes of susceptibility to secondary infections, perturbations in the immune system associated with exacerbated infections were then investigated prospectively. Results revealed that short-term immune-suppression therapy did not increase susceptibility to secondary infections. Taken together, data suggested that neither early-nor late-exposure immune-suppressive events following primary infection accounted for the observed high incidence of secondary infections. With HIV-1, the question of whether secondary infections with very closely related viral variants could occur in the chimpanzee model was addressed. In both animal models, secondary infections were confirmed, notably with relatively closely related SIV mac or HIV-1 strains, following a single exposure to the secondary virus strain. These findings reveal that secondary lentiviral infections may be acquired readily during different stages of primary infection, in contrast to co-infections, which are acquired at the moment of initial infection.

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Circulating Recombinant Form CRF02_AG in South America

Cited by 28 publications

References 23 publications

Immigration Status and HIV-risk Related Behaviors among Female Sex Workers in South America

Immigration Status and HIV-risk Related Behaviors among Female Sex Workers in South America

Buenos Aires Cohort of Men Who Have Sex with Men: Prevalence, Incidence, Risk Factors, and Molecular Genotyping of HIV Type 1

Readily acquired secondary infections of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses following single intravenous exposure in non-human primates

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