Circulating levels of transforming growth Factor-β1 and lymphokines among children with hemolytic uremic syndrome

Pathogenesis of Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

“…Various circulating inflammatory mediators, including ILs, chemokines, soluble adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokine receptors, and acute phase response proteins, are abnormally increased in children with D ϩ HUS (7,92,124,126,(135)(136)(137)(138)(139)(140)(141)(142)(143)(144)(145)(146)(147)(148). Although these studies do not prove that the elevated inflammatory mediators have a role in the pathogenesis of disease, they indicate a marked host inflammatory response.…”

“…Certain lymphokines such as IL-2, IL-4, and IL-13 were undetectable during E. coli O157:H7 enteritis or HUS, and low concentrations of interferon-␥ were comparable among children with hemorrhagic colitis and HUS and control subjects, suggesting that T lymphocytes are not activated (139). Decreased levels of soluble L-selectin were observed in children with HUS, perhaps reflecting the appearance of immature neutrophils in the circulation (135).…”

Circulating Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, C-X-C, and C-C Chemokines in Children with Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

“…Measurements of G-CSF, ENA-78, GRO-␣, MIP-1␤, and MCP-1 were performed in duplicate on plasma by sandwich ELISA (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.). Samples were diluted 1:2; G-CSF, 50 L; ENA-78, 25 L; GRO-␣, 100 L; MIP-1␤, 75 L; and MCP-1, 100 L. Standard curves were established for each microtiter plate and measurements were then performed as previously described (19,20,26). Plates were developed and the OD of the reaction mix was quantified with an automated ELISA reader.…”

Procalcitonin in Children with Escherichia coli O157:H7 Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

“…Figure 4 shows that most patients with increased serum PCT presented 2-to 5-fold increased ALT levels. Finally, we noted that PCT was correlated with LPS-binding protein (n ϭ 22, R 2 ϭ 0.6; p Ͻ 0.0001) (25), but not other inflammatory mediators previously studied by us: (n ϭ 25-50, R 2 Ͻ 0.1, p ϭ NS, for: TNF-␣, IL-1␤, IL1-receptor antagonist, IFN-␥, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, selectins-L, -P, -E, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, granulocyte colony-stimulating fac- tor, growth-related oncogene-␣, macrophage inflammatory protein-1␤, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, epithelial-cell derived neutrophil activating peptide-78, transforming growth factor-␤1, sFas, and mannan-binding lectin (18,(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

“…All statistical tests were two-sided. We performed linear regression analysis between concentrations of PCT, and age, time after the onset of enteritis, leukocyte counts, Hb levels, platelet counts, serum urea, creatinine, ALT levels, and inflammatory mediators (18,(21)(22)(23)(24), including LPS-binding protein (25).…”