Circulating levels of testosterone, 17 β-oestradiol, luteinising hormone and prolactin in postmenopausal breast cancer patients

Secreto, Giorgio; Recchione, C; Cavalleri, A; Miraglia, M.C.; Dati, Veronica

doi:10.1038/bjc.1983.35

Cited by 42 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Testosterone levels in serum have long been known to increase with worsening breast cancer risk and disease. This association has been consistently demonstrated in case-control and prospective studies in postmenopausal subjects (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8), whereas the results in premenopausal women have been inconsistent (5). These studies of serum and plasma extended evidence of increases in urinary levels of testosterone in women with breast cancer (9)(10)(11).…”

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confidence: 66%

“…Because earlier studies demonstrated that serum levels of testosterone were associated with breast cancer (3,7,32), as well as evidence that testosterone was measurable in NAF (12), we first sought to determine if testosterone levels in NAF, serum, or tissue were associated with breast cancer. We next sought to confirm our earlier findings (12) that NAF PSA was associated with breast cancer and to investigate the association between serum PSA and breast cancer.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer.

Sauter

Tichansky

Chervoneva

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Preliminary evidence has associated testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with breast cancer. Our objective was to determine whether a) testosterone levels in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), serum, or breast tissue are associated with breast cancer; b) testosterone levels in serum are associated with levels in NAF; c) PSA in NAF, serum, or breast tissue is associated with breast cancer; and d) serum PSA is associated with NAF PSA levels. We obtained 342 NAF specimens from 171 women by means of a modified breast pump. Additionally, we collected 201 blood samples from 99 women and 51 tissue samples from 41 subjects who underwent surgical resection for suspected disease. Women currently using birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy were excluded from the study. Controlling for age and menopausal status, serum testosterone was significantly increased in women with breast cancer (p = 0.002). NAF and serum testosterone levels were not associated. Neither NAF nor tissue testosterone was associated with breast cancer. Controlling for menopausal status and age, NAF PSA was significantly decreased in women with breast cancer (p < 0.001). We did not find serum PSA to be associated with breast cancer, although we found an indication that, in postmenopausal women, its levels were lower in women with cancer. Serum PSA was associated with NAF PSA in postmenopausal women (p < 0.001). PSA levels in cancerous tissue were significantly lower than in benign breast specimens from subjects without cancer (p = 0.011), whereas levels of PSA in histologically benign specimens from subjects with cancer were intermediate. Our results suggest that serum testosterone is increased and NAF PSA is decreased in women with breast cancer, with PSA expression being higher in normal than in cancerous breast tissues. NAF and serum PSA levels in postmenopausal women are correlated, suggesting that as laboratory assessment of PSA becomes more sensitive, serum PSA may become useful in identifying women with breast cancer.

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confidence: 66%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer.

Sauter

Tichansky

Chervoneva

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Several case-control studies (Grattarola et al, 1974;McFadyen et al, 1976;Adami et al, 1979;Secreto et al, 1983;Hill et al, 1985;Secreto et al, 1991) have reported that a significantly increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women is associated with high levels of testosterone in serum and urine. The prospective studies of Berrino et al (1996) (24 cases) and Dorgan et al (1996) (71 cases) both reported a significant association between breast cancer risk and total testosterone concentration, quoting adjusted odds ratios of 7.0 and 6.2, respectively, for the top category of the concentration distribution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey

Thomas¹,

Key²,

Allen³

et al. 1997

Br J Cancer

202

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(SHBG) and risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women were investigated in a prospective study on the island of Guernsey. Sixty-one women who developed breast cancer an average of 7.8 years after blood collection were matched for age, year of blood collection and number of years post-menopausal with 179 control subjects. Women using exogenous hormones at the time of blood collection were excluded from the study. Women who subsequently developed breast cancer had a 29% higher geometric mean oestradiol concentration than control women (P = 0.004). The odds ratio for breast cancer in the top third compared with the lowest third of the oestradiol concentration distribution was 5.03 (95% confidence interval 2.02-12.49, Pfor trend < 0.001). Adjusting for testosterone and SHBG concentrations did not substantially alter the odds ratio for oestradiol. Although testosterone and SHBG concentrations were associated with breast cancer risk, the concentrations of these hormones were correlated with those of oestradiol; the associations were not statistically significant after adjusting for oestradiol concentration. These data provide evidence that serum oestradiol concentrations in post-menopausal women may have a substantial effect on breast cancer risk.

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“…Previous studies have evaluated either urinary oestrogen excretion (Persson & Risholm, 1964;Marmorston et al, 1965;Gronroos & Aho, 1968;Argeulles et al, 1973;Grattarola et , 1974;Thijssen et al, 1975;Morreal et al, 1979) or oestrogen concentrations in the blood (England et al, 1974;McFadyen et al, 1976;Malarkey et al, 1977;Adami et al, 1979;Drafta et al, 1980;Moore et al, 1982;Reed et al, 1983Reed et al, , 1985Secreto et al, 1983;Bruning et al, 1985;Siiteri et al, 1986;Wysowski et al, 1987) of breast cancer cases and controls. These studies have suggested that post-menopausal breast cancer cases have higher endogenous oestrogen levels than controls: five of the seven studies of urinary oestrogen levels found evidence of greater oestrogen excretion in cases (Persson & Risholm, 1964;Marmorston et al, 1965;Arguelles et al, 1973;Grattarola et al, 1974;Morreal et al,1979); of the studies comparing blood levels of E, and E2 in cases and controls, three of five found higher E, (Adami et al, 1979;Drafta et al, 1980;Reed et al, 1983) and eight of 11 found higher E2 levels in cases (England et al, 1974;McFadyen et al, 1976;Malarkey et al, 1977;Drafta et al, 1980;Moore et al, 1982;Reed et al, 1985;Bruning et al, 1985;Siiteri et al, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone levels in older women: a study of post-menopausal breast cancer patients and healthy population controls

Bernstein

Ross²,

Pike³

et al. 1990

Br J Cancer

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Summary Hormone concentrations in blood and total 12 h urine values were compared between 40 postmenopausal women with breast cancer and 40 control women in a study which carefully controlled for the possible confounding effects of age, weight and pregnancy history by individually matching cases and controls on these factors. Breast cancer cases had received only surgical treatment for their localised disease, which was diagnosed from 1 to 9 years before hormonal evaluation. Cases had 15% higher serum oestradiol levels (P=0.02), 40% more urinary oestradiol (P=0.03) and 44% more urinary oestriol (P=0.04) than control women. Cases also had higher levels of serum and urinary oestrone, but these differences were not statistically significant. The percentages of serum oestradiol not bound to albumin or sex-hormone binding globulin did not differ between cases and controls, nor were there statistically significant differences in the serum levels of prolactin, sex-hormone binding globulin or dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that breast cancer risk is determined in part by post-menopausal serum oestrogen concentration.There is a substantial body of epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence for a role of oestrogens in the aetiology of female breast cancer (Henderson et al., 1988). In premenopausal women, the major source of endogenous oestrogens is the ovary. Menopause signals a marked decline in the amount of circulating oestrogens and this decline is at least part of the explanation for the decreased risk of breast cancer associated with early menopause (Trichopoulos et al., 1972). Although breast cancer incidence continues to rise after menopause in US and European women, the rate of increase in breast cancer incidence decreases substantially. In post-menopausal women, the major source of oestrogen is the peripheral conversion of androstenedione in fat tissue (Grodin et al., 1973). This offers the most probable explanation for the association of obesity with increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women (Lubin et al., 1985).In women, 40-50% of plasma oestradiol (E2) is bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and all but 2-4% of the remainder is bound to albumin (Anderson, 1974). With the development of relevant laboratory technology, attention has focused on evaluating whether the free, non-protein bound fraction of plasma E2 is higher in women with breast cancer than in other women, as free E2 is considered to be freely diffusible into cells and biologically available to receptors in target tissues (Siiteri, 1980); this may also be true of the non-SHGB bound E2 (Pardridge, 1986). This would further explain the effect of body weight on breast cancer risk in older women as increased weight is not only associated with higher post-menopausal oestrogen levels but also with reduced levels of SHBG and, therefore, with greater 'tissue availability' of oestrogens (Siiteri et al., 1981).A number of studies have compared endogenous oestrogen and ...

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Circulating levels of testosterone, 17 β-oestradiol, luteinising hormone and prolactin in postmenopausal breast cancer patients

Cited by 42 publications

References 31 publications

Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer.

Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer.

A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey

Hormone levels in older women: a study of post-menopausal breast cancer patients and healthy population controls

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