Circulating Exosomes and Their Role in Stroke

Abstract

Stroke is an acute neurologic disorder which can be life-threatening if left untreated or diagnosed late. Various detecting techniques including neurologic imaging of the brain by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging can facilitate diagnosis of stroke. However, according to the recent advances in molecular detection techniques, new diagnostic and prognostic markers have emerged. Exosomes as an extra cellar particle are one of these markers which can have useful diagnostic, prognostic, and even therapeutic impact after stroke. We have previously discussed the role of exosomes in cardiovascular disease and in the present review we focus on the most common cerebrovascular disease. The aim of the present review is summarizing the recent diagnostic role of exosomes which are specifically secreted during a stroke and can guide clinicians to better diagnosis of stroke.

Circulating Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNA Profiles in Subcortical and Cortical-Subcortical Ischaemic Stroke

“…In response to a stroke, EVs are released into the blood from brain cells and other organs [1][2][3][4][5]. These EVs can carry proteins and miRNAs that reveal important information regarding damage, protection, and the repair process after brain ischaemia, as well as stroke outcomes [6][7][8][9][10]. The mechanisms underlying the cerebral ischaemic cascade are highly complex and can differ depending on the lesion topography [11].…”

Dysfunction of the Neurovascular Unit in Ischemic Stroke: Highlights on microRNAs and Exosomes as Potential Biomarkers and Therapy

“…Multiple studies have investigated the diagnostic and prognostic role of exosomes and their cargos in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients [ 11 ]. One of the most common exosomal contents are miRs, and each of them have a distinct role in the various molecular pathways involved in stroke.…”

“…Emerging data suggest that exosomes, which are nanosized (30–150 nm) endosome-derived vesicles, can be useful diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic markers in stroke [ 11 ]. Along with shedding microvesicles or ectosomes (10–1000 nm) and apoptotic bodies (50–5000 nm), exosomes represent one of the three main subtypes of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) [ 12 ].…”

Cross-Talk between Lipoproteins and Inflammation: The Role of Microvesicles

“…Exosomes are rich in biomolecules such as protein, mRNA and non-coding RNA such as miRNA, and have also emerged as both regulators and biomarkers of CVD progression [31]. For further information please refer to reviews [32][33][34][35][36][37].…”