Circulating endothelial‐coagulative activation markers after smoking cessation: a 12‐month observational study

Abstract

Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke sustains the activation of the endothelial-coagulative system and abstinence may result in the improvement of several endothelial-coagulative abnormalities in regular smokers. This may translate into an overall decline in cardiovascular risk.

Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure

“…Development and progression of HCC is still not a completely known multistage process. Genetic, epigenetic and immunological factors probably contribute to the development of HCC [7,11,13,37,38,50,51,101,297,298] .…”

“…As regards HCC prevention, all exposed workers should have HBV vaccination. In addition, campaigns against smoking and alcohol drinking should be organized, providing an explicit warning that these factors may contribute to the development of liver cancer [10][11][12]101] . Development and progression of HCC is still not a completely known multistage process.…”

“…It has been shown in both human and animal models that VCM is able to induce liver angiosarcoma and HCC [98][99][100][101][102][103][104] . Maroni et al [105] reported the hepatotoxicity of VCM and other studies have shown the capacity of VCM to Group 1 [76] TCE 79-01-6 Dry cleaning; paint stripping; metal degreasing; production of chlorinated chemical compounds; shoe manufacturing; aircraft/aerospace, electronics and printing industry [125,127] Group 1 [129] PCE 127-18-4 Dry cleaning; textile processing; metal degreasing [138] Group 2A [129] DDT 50-29-3 Farming industry [141,145] Group 2B [148] N-nitrosamines 35576-91-1 Plastic, rubber and pharmacological manufacturing; farming industry; metalworking; electrical component production and use; gasoline and lubricant additives, production and use [159][160][161][162][163][164][165] Group [160,161] TCDD 1746-01-6 Waste management; paper mill; timber manufacturing; iron and steel manufacturing; electric power industry [175,179] Group 1 [76] PeCDF 57117-31-4 Cement and metalworking industry; chemical manufacturing [171,172,175] Group 1 [76] PCB 1336-36-3 Electrical industry, plastic and chemical industry; maintenance/repair technicians of PCB devices [175,[186][187][188][189][190] 1 Group …”

Chronic hepatitis C: This and the new era of treatment

“…The primary HCV infection is completely asym ptomatic in 60%-70% of cases, but in 80% of patients the infection becomes chronic and is characterized by the persistence of the viral genome in the blood for at least 6 mo from the onset of acute infection. In a variable proportion of people carrying the virus, especially in the presence of strong necro-inflammation and/or cofactors of liver damage, the disease can evolve from the condition of chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis and HCC.There are several factors that can change the course, severity and progression of the disease, including age at the time of infection, route of infection, viral load, coinfection with other hepatitis viruses or HIV, alterations of immune status, and the coexistence of other hepatolesive factors such as consumption of alcohol, iron overload, obesity, type 2 diabetes, resistance to insulin and genetic factors [12][13][14] . Chronic HCV infection in about 20% of cases progresses up to hepatic cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and HCC, generally after 20-30 years from primary infection.…”

“…Once HCV infection progresses to cirrhosis, there is a 1%-5% annual risk of HCC [12] . The probability that a patient with compensated cirrhosis can evolve towards the decompensated form increases progressively over time.Liver cirrhosis and its complications (portal hypertension and therefore esophageal varices, splenomegaly, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, hepato-pulmonary syndrome and HCC) are burdened with high morbidity and mortality.It is also known that different variables influence the progression of the disease, for which the prognosis changes individually and is very hard to define [12][13][14] . Several studies have concluded that the eradication of HCV infection slows the progression of the disease, improves the survival, and reduces the incidence of liver failure and the risk of developing liver cancer [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] .…”