CIRCULATING ANTIBODY TO PROSTATE ANTIGEN IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATIC CANCERa

Chu, T. Ming; Kuriyama, Manabu; Johnson, Edward A.; Papsidero, Lawrence D.; Killian, Carl S.; Murphy, Gerald P.; Wang, M. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb32880.x

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…23 As a well-characterized TAA in prostate cancer, antibody immunity to PSA was demonstrated in BPH and various stages of the disease. [24][25][26] Anti-PSA antibody titers were significantly higher in the BPH group than in the controls and prostatitis group (P<0.0005). Accordingly, 59% of BPH patients could be defined as responders to PSA compared with none among the controls (P<0.0005).…”

Section: Prostate-specific Antigen (Psa)mentioning

confidence: 92%

Autoantibody Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer

Wang

2008

Laboratory Medicine

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Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy, and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, in men in the United States. 1 Early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer can increase the possibility of curing the disease, especially for localized tumors, by avoiding tumor progression and the development of micrometastasis. Currently, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is widely relied upon for the early detection of prostate cancer. Concurrent with the widespread use of PSA screening, prostate cancer incidence has increased, while mortality rates have decreased. 2 In addition, the vast majority of men are now diagnosed with localized disease in the absence of symptoms. 3 Despite these trends, however, the value of PSA screening is still debated. Since the advent of PSA screening, the improved detection of early disease has increased the lifetime risk of a diagnosis of prostate cancer to 16%, whereas the lifetime risk of death from prostate cancer is only 3.4%. 4 A major limitation of the serum PSA test is its lack of specificity for prostate cancer, especially in the intermediate range of PSA levels (4 to 10 ng/mL). In this range, the specificity of the PSA test to detect prostate cancer has been reported to be only 20% at a sensitivity of 80%. 5 This poor specificity is, in part, associated with the fact that serum PSA levels can be increased in patients with nonmalignant conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostatitis, and that PSA is highly expressed in both benign prostatic epithelia and prostate cancer cells. This has resulted in a surge of equivocal prostate needle biopsies and men with the looming threat of prostate cancer. On the other hand, recent evidence suggests that using the generally accepted value of 4.0 ng/mL as the upper limit of normal actually fails to detect a significant percentage of cancers. 6 These findings underscore the need for more accurate biomarkers that can not only detect prostate cancer but can also distinguish indolent from aggressive disease.Because prostate cancer is such a common cancer, markers with a greater specificity rather than sensitivity are needed to reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies or other invasive tests. Moreover, it is unlikely that any single marker for prostate cancer will have the desired high specificity and sensitivity, making it important to develop a collection of markers that in combination, could lead to accurate prostate cancer detection and prognosis.The search for new disease biomarkers entails characterizing 1 or more proteins produced by the body's microenvironment and establishing assays with high sensitivity and specificity. Most of these biomarkers, however, are expressed at relatively low levels and are not secreted, thus making them undetectable in serum. One approach to circumvent the need to detect low abundant cancer biomarkers is to take advantage of the body's endogenous immune response to the tumor. The idea that there is an immune response to cancer in humans has been demonstrated b...

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Section: Prostate-specific Antigen (Psa)mentioning

confidence: 92%

Autoantibody Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer

Wang

2008

Laboratory Medicine

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“…Some anti-tumor antibodies recognize important oncogenic proteins and͞or can be correlated with certain malignancies (35)(36)(37). Because genetic alterations guide tumor progression, we propose that new antibody responses arising in a tumorbearing host may reflect and identify genetic changes important for cancer progression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic changes occurring in established tumors rapidly stimulate new antibody responses

Spiotto

Reth

Schreiber

2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Serum PSA is first reported to be complexed with immunoglobulin (13). Because of its characteristic amino acid sequence and serine protease enzymatic activity (4,5), PSA is a chymotrypsin-like enzyme.…”

Section: Basic Characteristics Of Psamentioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate‐specific antigen in screening of prostate cancer

Chu

1994

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a well-characterized human prostate-specific glycoprotein. PSA has been shown to be the most effective immunohistologic marker for prostate cancer, as well as the most useful serologic test in staging and monitoring prostate cancer and in early detection of recurrent disease. The greatest clinical value of PSA is an aid for early detection of prostate cancer. Recent studies have indicated that PSA-based screening of the older population for organ-confined early-stage prostate cancer is an acceptable, practical, and reliable modality. The accuracy of PSA screening is within the same range as the mammogram. The cost-effectiveness of PSA is comparable to other cancer screening tests. Although the increase in the patient's survival due to PSA-based detection of early prostate cancer remains to be documented, it is generally agreed that the PSA test along with digital rectal examination (DRE) should be included in the annual physical examination for men 50 years of age or older. High-risk men are urged to commence at age 40. Asymptomatic men who have both a negative DRE and normal PSA blood test need only to continue an annual DRE and PSA check-up. Men who have a negative DRE and elevated PSA, and all those who have a suspicious DRE regardless of PSA results, should undergo further diagnostic workup, such as transrectal ultrasonography with biopsy of visible lesions. The cure rate is high with timely treatment, when prostate cancer is detected while still confined to the prostate.

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CIRCULATING ANTIBODY TO PROSTATE ANTIGEN IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATIC CANCERa

Cited by 18 publications

References 3 publications

Autoantibody Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer

Autoantibody Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer

Genetic changes occurring in established tumors rapidly stimulate new antibody responses

Prostate‐specific antigen in screening of prostate cancer

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