Circularity and life cycle environmental impact assessment of batteries for electric vehicles: Industrial challenges, best practices and research guidelines

Picatoste, Aitor; Justel, Daniel; Mendoza, Joan Manuel F.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112941

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…In other words, upgrading standards can largely reduce emissions of APs from delayed electrification processes. It is worth noting that the passenger vehicle driving cycle would still remain additional APs emission reductions after 2035, which is mainly due to the fuel stage of the PHEVs …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth noting that the passenger vehicle driving cycle would still remain additional APs emission reductions after 2035, which is mainly due to the fuel stage of the PHEVs. 56 NO x was chosen as a representative in our follow-up research for the highly watched passenger vehicle APs. 54,57 When all of these decarbonization technologies and the CHINA 7 standard were implemented, the NO x emissions could be reduced to 1.05 × 10 4 t in 2050, which was only about 4.8% of the NO x emission in 2020 (Figure 3B).…”

Section: Fleet Co 2 and Aps Emissions Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Upgrading Passenger Vehicle Emission Standard Helps to Reduce China’s Air Pollution Risk from Uncertainty in Electrification

Xie,

Chen,

Dai

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Upgrading to the CHINA 7 standard is crucial for managing air pollution from passenger vehicles in China. Meanwhile, China aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, which necessitates large-scale replacement of gasoline vehicles with electric vehicles in the future. Consequently, the public might view upgrading gasoline vehicles to the CHINA 7 standard as redundant. However, the emission reduction benefits of upgrading standards in the context of uncertain electrification ambitions have not received adequate attention. Here, we show that upgrading standards will compensate for the absence of emissions reductions due to hindered electrification efforts. In the best scenario, China's CO 2 emissions can be reduced to 0.047 Gt and NO x to 8.2 × 10 3 t in 2050. In nonextreme electrification scenarios with CHINA 7 standard, the emission intensity reduction will remain the main driver for emission reductions, outweighing the electrification contribution. In extreme electrification scenarios, upgrading standards will tackle the increased emissions from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Our fleet-level results advocate for early standards upgrades to enhance resilience against air pollution risks arising from uncertainties in electrification. Our evidence from China, with one of the most stringent emission standards, can provide a reference point for the world on the upgrading passenger vehicle emission standard issue.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fleet Co 2 and Aps Emissions Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Upgrading Passenger Vehicle Emission Standard Helps to Reduce China’s Air Pollution Risk from Uncertainty in Electrification

Xie,

Chen,

Dai

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This aspect is considered as "Process standardization" for the production phase. With regard to the use phase, Picatoste et al (2022) identify standardized components as enablers for better maintenance in their analysis. Etxandi et al (2023b) also conclude that maximizing the first service life should be prioritized.…”

Section: Potential Module Driversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying a product modularization approach on the case of a battery pack

Beibl,

Zumach,

Wehrend

et al. 2024

Proc. Des. Soc.

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When designing battery packs, opposing target-conflicts and design goals arise due to the different disciplines involved in the development process. Looking at the available technologies for battery pack design, different solutions can be found on the market. The development of a battery pack for use in various scenarios therefore presents an interesting use case to evaluate product modularisation approaches. Hence, this paper discusses the application of the Integrated PKT Approach based on a fictious use case of a modular battery pack to derive potential starting points for its improvement.

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“…There are limited studies about the EoL phase of EV drivetrains except those focusing on the recycling of batteries [63,64]. Addressing this gap, an ideal recycling scenario where all components are entirely recycled was presented [65].…”

Section: The 4r Strategies In the Case Of Electrical Drivetrain Main ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular Economy Aspects of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Machine Design for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Review

Katona,

Orosz

2024

Energies

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Innovative technological solutions have become increasingly critical in addressing the transportation sector’s environmental impact. Passenger vehicles present an opportunity to introduce novel drivetrain solutions that can quickly penetrate the electric vehicle market due to their shorter development time and lifetime compared to commercial vehicles. As environmental policy pressure increases and customers demand more sustainable products, shifting from a linear business approach to a circular economy model is in prospect. The new generation of economically competitive machines must be designed with a restorative intention, considering future reuse, refurbishment, remanufacture, and recycling possibilities. This review investigates the market penetration possibilities of permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance machines for mini and small-segment electric vehicles, considering the urban environment and sustainability aspects of the circular economy model. When making changes to the materials used in an electric machine, it is crucial to evaluate their potential impact on efficiency while keeping the environmental impact of those materials in mind. The indirect ecological effect of the vehicle’s use phase may outweigh the reduction in manufacturing and recycling at its end-of-life. Therefore, thoroughly analysing the materials used in the design process is necessary to ensure maximum efficiency while minimising the environmental impact.

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Circularity and life cycle environmental impact assessment of batteries for electric vehicles: Industrial challenges, best practices and research guidelines

Cited by 34 publications

References 67 publications

Upgrading Passenger Vehicle Emission Standard Helps to Reduce China’s Air Pollution Risk from Uncertainty in Electrification

Upgrading Passenger Vehicle Emission Standard Helps to Reduce China’s Air Pollution Risk from Uncertainty in Electrification

Applying a product modularization approach on the case of a battery pack

Circular Economy Aspects of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Machine Design for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Review

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