Circular moraine features on the Varanger Peninsula, northern Norway, and their possible relation to polythermal ice sheet coverage

Geomorphic evidence for active and inactive phases of Late Devensian ice in north-central Ireland

“…4b), have been observed previously in similar glacial depositional settings and termed variously dclosed disintegration ridgesT (Gravenor and Kupsch, 1959), dring ridgesT (Kurimo, 1980), drim ridgesT (Eyles et al, 1999), dcircular morainesT (Ebert and Kleman, 2004) and dextrusion morainesT . Processes responsible for the formation of these landforms include meltout, sediment squeezing around dead ice blocks and high marginal groundwater pressure gradients (Mollard, 2000).…”

“…Preserved evidence for thrusting is, therefore, unlikely except within the cores of moraines or where thrust planes mark margins of the moraines (Hambrey et al, 1997). Other models based on disintegration of ice-cored terrain alone (e.g., Gravenor and Kupsch, 1959;Kurimo, 1977;Ebert and Kleman, 2004) cannot account for the size of non-aligned landforms observed in the Clogher Valley, or the presence of meltwater channels and smaller flanking ridges.…”

“…Both these geological characteristics have been associated with thrusting processes at retreating ice margins (Hambrey et al, 1997), and (3) the inclusion within the non-aligned landforms of deep enclosed depressions, interpreted as kettleholes, suggests the burial of ice-blocks beneath and within surrounding sediment (e.g., Clarke, 1969;Johnson, 1992;Ebert and Kleman, 2004). Ice-marginal thrusting is the most likely mechanism for the mixing of sediment and ice layers.…”

Glacial survival of blockfields on the Varanger Peninsula, northern Norway

“…Malmström and Palmér (1984) studied the stratigraphy of circular ablation moraine (which they called "mounds of debris") in several pits and sections. However, unlike Ebert and Kleman (2004) they did not identify blockfield material below the circular ablation moraine. Instead they reported that "structures" in the circular ablation moraine in certain cases could be followed down into the blockfield.…”

“…Signs of glacial erosion mainly occur in some of the broad valleys leading down to fjords along the northern coast, e.g. Kongsfjorden and Båtsfjorden (Sollid et al, 1973;Ebert and Kleman, 2004;Sørbel and Tolgensbakk, 2004). Our study is focused on the blockfields in the areas of Haknalanèearru, Vag'geèearru, Baseèearru, Buhkkaèearru and the western side of Kongsfjorden Valley (Fig.…”