Circuit Synthesis Using Pathological Elements

Equivalent transformations of trees with nullor and mirror pathological elements

“…1(d) correspondingly. VM and CM are successfully used in the analysis and synthesis of electronic circuits [7]- [10]. Unlike the nullor, these elements have three poles (one of which is ground).…”

“…One of the effective methods of synthesis of active analog circuits is their equivalent transformations [1]- [7]. This method can be used when the original structure of the circuit has been obtained as a result of an invention or some other methods of synthesis.…”

“…All tree transformations shown in Fig. 2(d) are developed in later publication of the same authors [7]. Note that the transformations in every publication mentioned above were presented without proving.…”

“…The widespread usage of nullors and mirror elements in the design of electronic circuits is primarily because these pathological elements are the basis of ideal models of large number of different active elements: from basic ones (like transistors) to more complex (like operational amplifiers, current converters and mirrors, etc.) [2], [7]- [9]. First the transformations for norator/nullator trees were proposed in [1] (Fig.…”