Circovirus in Tissues of Dogs with Vasculitis and Hemorrhage

Li, Linlin; McGraw, Sabrina; Zhu, Kevin; Leutenegger, Christian M.; Marks, Stanley L.; Kubiski, Steven V.; Gaffney, Patricia M.; Cruz, Florante N. Dela; Wang, Chunlin; Delwart, Eric; Pesavento, Patricia A.

doi:10.3201/eid1904.121390

Cited by 130 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Phylogenetic analysis suggests a closest evolutionary relationship between PCV3 and CanineCV. Interestingly, CanineCV was identified in the liver of a dog displaying necrotizing vasculitis and granulomatous lymphadenitis, both of which were observed in PCV3-infected sows, as well as reported in PCV2 infections (22,73,74). Similar to CanineCV, attempts to propagate PCV3 in vitro were unsuccessful.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure

Palinski

Piñeyro

Shang

et al. 2017

J Virol

436

650

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Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is clinically manifested by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), respiratory and enteric disease, reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an essential component of PCVAD, although an etiologic role in PDNS is not well established. Here, a novel circovirus, designated porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), was identified in sows that died acutely with PDNS-like clinical signs. The capsid and replicase proteins of PCV3 are only 37% and 55% identical to PCV2 and bat circoviruses, respectively. Aborted fetuses from sows with PDNS contained high levels of PCV3 (7.57 ϫ 10 7 genome copies/ml), and no other viruses were detected by PCR and metagenomic sequencing. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of sow tissue samples identified PCV3 antigen in skin, kidney, lung, and lymph node samples localized in typical PDNS lesions, including necrotizing vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Further study of archived PDNS tissue samples that were negative for PCV2 by IHC analysis identified 45 of 48 that were PCV3 positive by quantitative PCR (qPCR), with 60% of a subset also testing positive for PCV3 by IHC analysis. Analysis by qPCR of 271 porcine respiratory disease diagnostic submission samples identified 34 PCV3-positive cases (12.5%), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of anti-PCV3 capsid antibodies in serum samples found that 46 (55%) of 83 samples tested were positive. These results suggest that PCV3 commonly circulates within U.S. swine and may play an etiologic role in reproductive failure and PDNS. Because of the high economic impact of PCV2, this novel circovirus warrants further studies to elucidate its significance and role in PCVAD.IMPORTANCE While porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was first identified in sporadic cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Canada in the early 1990s, an epidemic of severe systemic disease due to PCV2 spread worldwide in the ensuing decade. Despite being effectively controlled by commercial vaccines, PCV2 remains one of the most economically significant viruses of swine. Here, a novel porcine circovirus (PCV3) that is distantly related to known circoviruses was identified in sows with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure. PCV2, which has previously been associated with these clinical presentations, was not identified. High levels of PCV3 nucleic acid were observed in aborted fetuses by quantitative PCR, and PCV3 antigen was localized in histologic lesions typical of PDNS in sows by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. PCV3 was also identi- Citation Palinski R, Piñeyro P, Shang P, Yuan F, Guo R, Fang Y, Byers E, Hause BM. 2017. A novel porcine circovirus distantly related to known circoviruses is associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and reproductive failure. J Virol 91:e01879-16.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure

Palinski

Piñeyro

Shang

et al. 2017

J Virol

436

650

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“…In order to detect CanineCV, two real-time TaqMan PCR assays from a commercial reference laboratory (IDEXX Laboratories, test code 3238; adopted and modified from Li and others 2013) were used targeting the replicase gene and the capsid gene (GenBank accession number KC241982–KC241984). Faecal samples were processed individually.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2012, a canine circovirus (canine circovirus genotype 1 (CaCV-1)) was detected in serum samples of dogs (Kapoor and others 2012). Currently, little is known about the exact pathogenic role of this novel canine agent, although some case series suggest that this virus might cause haemorrhagic diarrhoea in dogs (Li and others 2013, Decaro and others 2014). Recently, a closely related variant of CaCV-1 was detected in an outbreak of fatal enteritis in puppies in Italy (Decaro and others 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Role of canine circovirus in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea

et al. 2017

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Canine circovirus (CanineCV) has been detected in some dogs with severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea, but its pathogenic role is unclear. This study evaluated a suspected association between the presence of CanineCV and acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS) in dogs. The prevalence of CanineCV in dogs with AHDS was compared with that in healthy dogs and those infected with canine parvovirus (CPV). Additionally, time to recovery and mortality rate were compared between CanineCV-positive and CanineCV-negative dogs. Faecal samples of dogs with AHDS (n=55), healthy dogs (n=66) and dogs infected with CPV (n=54) were examined by two real-time TaqMan PCR assays targeting the replicase and capsid genes of CanineCV. CanineCV was detected in faecal samples of two dogs with AHDS, three healthy controls and seven dogs infected with CPV. Among the three groups, there was no significant difference in prevalence of CanineCV. CPV-infected animals that were coinfected with CanineCV had a significantly higher mortality rate compared with those negative for CanineCV. CanineCV does not appear to be the primary causative agent of AHDS in dogs, but might play a role as a negative co-factor in disease outcome in dogs with CPV infection.

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“…In fact, until 2010, pigs were the only mammals known to be affected by circoviruses and most of the diversity for this group of viruses was reported from avian species (Table 1). However, studies employing viral metagenomic-based strategies and degenerate PCR for circoviruses in unconventional hosts have since identified the presence of circovirus genomes in freshwater fish [45,46] and various mammals, including bats [34-36, 42, 91], chimpanzees [34], dogs [37], humans [34] and minks [41]. Although a definitive host has not been confirmed for some of these newly-detected circoviruses (e.g., bat-associated circoviruses), phylogenetic analyses indicate that circovirus genomes detected in mammals, in general, are more closely-related to each other than to avian circoviruses (Fig.…”

Section: Genus Circovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%