Circadian Rhythms of Rod–Cone Dominance in the Japanese Quail Retina

Manglapus, Mary K.; Uchiyama, Hiroyuki; Buelow, N.F.; Barlow, Robert B.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-12-04775.1998

Cited by 64 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…The results from Hull et al do not establish a circadian control mechanism, because the cells were isolated from animals kept in LD cycles. However, it is certainly possible that the circadian regulation of L-type VGCCs we observe in photoreceptors may be a more general phenomenon, especially given that several components of the electroretinograms recorded from different species, including humans, display circadian rhythms (Manglapus et al 1998;Tuunainen et al 2001;Miranda-Anaya et al 2002;Ren and Li 2004;Peters and Cassone 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calcium influx through L-type VGCCs is sufficient to trigger sustained glutamate release from photoreceptors (Schmitz and Witkovsky 1997), even though it is evident that cGMP-gated cation channels may play a supporting role in glutamate release (Rieke and Schwartz 1994). Circadian rhythms are evident in electroretinograms recorded from different species, including humans (Manglapus et al 1998;Tuunainen et al 2001;Miranda-Anaya et al 2002;Ren and Li 2004;Peters and Cassone 2005), which indicates that the release of glutamate from photoreceptors and photosensitivity could well be under circadian control. In addition, photoreceptors are more susceptible to intense light damage at night than during the day (Vaughan et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The expression of L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels in retinal photoreceptors is under circadian control

Ko¹,

Liu²,

Dryer³

et al. 2007

Journal of Neurochemistry

202

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Photoreceptors are non-spiking neurons, and their synapses mediate the continuous release of neurotransmitters under the control of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Photoreceptors express endogenous circadian oscillators that play important roles in regulating photoreceptor physiology and function. Here, we report that the L-type VGCCs in chick cone photoreceptors are under circadian control. The L-type VGCC currents are greater when measured during the subjective night than during the subjective day. Using antibodies against the VGCCa1C and VGCCa1D subunits, we found that the immunofluorescence intensities of both VGCCa1C and VGCCa1D in photoreceptors are higher during the subjective night. However, the mRNA levels of VGCCa1D, but not VGCCa1C, are rhythmic. Nocturnal increases in L-type VGCCs are blocked by manumycin A, PD98059, and KN93, which suggest that the circadian output pathway includes Ras, Erk, and calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II. In summary, four independent lines of evidence show that the L-VGCCs in cone photoreceptors are under circadian control. Keywords: avian, circadian, photoreceptor, retina, voltagegated calcium channel. Visual systems must anticipate daily changes in ambient illumination over 10-12 orders of magnitude. Circadian oscillators in the retina provide a mechanism for visual systems to initiate more sustained adaptive changes throughout the course of the day (Cahill and Besharse 1995;Green and Besharse 2004). The circadian oscillators in photoreceptors are endogenous and able to function independently in the absence of other retinal inputs (Cahill and Besharse 1993;Thomas et al. 1993;Ko et al. 2001). Photoreceptor circadian oscillators regulate retinomotor movement (Pierce and Besharse 1985;Burnside 2001), outer segment disc shedding and membrane renewal (LaVail 1980;Besharse and Dunis 1983), morphological changes at synaptic ribbons (Adly et al. 1999), gene expression (Korenbrot and Fernald 1989;Pierce et al. 1993;Haque et al. 2002), and the gating behavior of ion channels (Ko et al. 2001) among other photoreceptor activities. Importantly, photoreceptors are more sensitive to intense light damage at night than during the day, even in animals that have been maintained in constant darkness (DD) for several days after circadian lightdark (LD) cycle entrainment (Vaughan et al. 2002).Photoreceptors are non-spiking neurons, and they release glutamate continuously in the darkness as a result of depolarization-evoked activation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) (Barnes and Kelly 2002). The synthesis and release of the neurohormone melatonin in photoreceptors is also under circadian control (Cahill and Besharse 1993;Bernard et al. 1997;Ivanova and Iuvone 2003b), and melatonin synthesis and release can be blocked by dihydropyridine inhibitors of L-type VGCCs (Iuvone and Besharse 1986;Ivanova and Iuvone 2003a). In this regard, we previously showed that there is a circadian regulation of the apparent affinity of cGMP-gated ion channels (CNGCs) for cG...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The expression of L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels in retinal photoreceptors is under circadian control

Ko¹,

Liu²,

Dryer³

et al. 2007

Journal of Neurochemistry

202

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Perhaps only a few critical proteins are directly under the control of the circadian clock; Green and Besharse (1996) found that only four of 2,000 retinal mRNAs examined showed a circadian rhythm of expression. Several important retinal activities also manifest a circadian rhythm, including photoreceptor outer segment disk shedding (La Vail, 1976), retinomotor movements (Levinson and Burnside, 1981), visual pigment synthesis (Von Schantz et al, 1999), relative expression of rod and cone signals in the electroretinogram (Manglapus et al, 1998), and circadian rhythms of visual detection Powers, 1986, 1987). Other functions may be governed by a nycthemeral rhythm of light and dark, e.g., ocular length (Nickla et al, 1998).…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal and circadian variation of protein kinase C immunoreactivity in the rat retina

Gábriel

LeSauter

Silver

et al. 2001

J of Comparative Neurology

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We studied the dependence of the expression of protein kinase C immunoreactivity (PKC-IR) in the rat retina on the light:dark (LD) cycle and on circadian rhythmicity in complete darkness (DD). Two anti-PKC alpha antibodies were employed: One, which we call PKCαβ recognized the hinge region; the other, here termed PKCα, recognized the regulatory region of the molecule. Western blots showed that both anti-PKC antibodies stained an identical single band at approximately 80 kD. The retinal neurons showing PKC-IR were rod bipolar cells and a variety of amacrine neurons. After 3 weeks on an LD cycle, PKCαβ-IR in both rod bipolar and certain amacrine cells manifested a clear rhythm with a peak at zeitgeber time (ZT) of 06-10 hours and a minimum at ZT 18. No rhythm in total PKC-IR was observed when using the PKCα antibody, but, at ZT 06-10 hours, rod bipolar axon terminals showed increased immunostaining. After 48 hours in DD, with either antibody, rod bipolar cells showed increased PKC-IR. The PKCα antibody alone revealed that, after 48 hours, AII amacrine neurons, which lacked PKC-IR in an LD cycle, manifested marked PKC-IR, which became stronger after 72 hours. Light administered early in the dark period greatly increased PKCαβ-IR in rod bipolar and some amacrine neurons. Our data indicate that light and darkness exert a strong regulatory influence on PKC synthesis, activation, and transport in retinal neurons. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThe daily light:dark cycle (LD) is a fundamental regulator of retinal activity. Most retinas have duplex function, meaning that rod photoreceptors and their associated circuitry are specialized for nocturnal vision, whereas cone photoreceptors and their circuits govern retinal function in bright light. The change from rod to cone vision is a complex process involving diurnal and circadian rhythms. Vertebrate retinas contain a circadian clock (Cahill et al., 1991;Tosini and Menaker, 1996). Among other functions, it governs melatonin synthesis, which in turn helps to regulate the production and release of dopamine (for review see Cahill and Besharse, 1995). The rhythms of melatonin and dopamine are in counterphase (Adachi et al., 1998), and these two intrinsic retinal neurochemicals are messengers for darkness and light, respectively (Cahill et al., 1991). The production of certain retinal proteins, for example, iodopsin (Pierce et al., 1993) and tryptophan hydroxylase (Green et al., 1995), also appears to be regulated by a circadian rhythm. Perhaps only a few critical proteins are directly under the control of the circadian clock; Green and Besharse (1996) found that only four of 2,000 retinal mRNAs examined showed a circadian rhythm of expression. Several important retinal activities also manifest a circadian rhythm, including photoreceptor outer segment disk shedding (La Vail, 1976), retinomotor movements (Levinson and Burnside, 1981), visual pigment synthesis (Von Schantz et al., 1999), relative expression of rod and cone signa...

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“…A large literature indicates that circadian oscillators regulate vertebrate visual system function (Terman and Terman, 1985;Bassi and Powers, 1987;Dearry and Barlow, 1987;Reme et al, 1991;Shaw et al, 1993;Lu et al, 1995;Wang and Mangel, 1996;Li and Dowling, 1998;Manglapus et al, 1998Manglapus et al, , 1999McGoogan and Cassone, 1999;Wu et al, 2000). Control of visual system sensitivity is associated with several rhythmic changes in the structure and physiology of the retina and associated ocular structures (Cahill and Besharse, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Regulation of cGMP-Gated Channels of Vertebrate Cone Photoreceptors: Role of cAMP and Ras

Ko¹,

Ko²,

Dryer³

2004

J. Neurosci.

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Circadian oscillators in chicken cone photoreceptors regulate the gating properties of cGMP-gated cationic channels (CNGCs) such that they have a higher apparent affinity for cGMP during the subjective night. Here we show that cAMP, acting through protein kinase A (PKA), Ras, and Erk, is part of the circadian output pathway controlling CNGCs. Endogenous and exogenous cAMP cause activation of Erk and Ras, which are more active at night in cones, and increase the apparent affinity of CNGCs for cGMP. The Ras farnesyl transferase inhibitor manumycin-A, and a dominant-negative form of Ras (RasN17) block the circadian rhythms in CNGC gating, as well as the effects of cAMP. A dominant-negative form of the MEK kinase B-Raf also blocks circadian and cAMP modulation of CNGCs. The circadian output pathway modulating CNGC channels is comprised in part of cAMP 3 PKA 3 Ras 3 B-Raf 3 MEK 3 Erk 3 3 CNGCs. cAMP activation of Ras and Erk occur within minutes, whereas modulation of CNGCs requires Ͼ1 hr. However, cAMP protagonists do not alter rhythms in cPer2 mRNA, and their effects on CNGCs cannot be attributed to clock phase-shifting.

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Circadian Rhythms of Rod–Cone Dominance in the Japanese Quail Retina

Cited by 64 publications

References 34 publications

The expression of L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels in retinal photoreceptors is under circadian control

The expression of L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels in retinal photoreceptors is under circadian control

Diurnal and circadian variation of protein kinase C immunoreactivity in the rat retina

Circadian Regulation of cGMP-Gated Channels of Vertebrate Cone Photoreceptors: Role of cAMP and Ras

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