Circadian rhythms in endogenous depression

Zerssen, D. von; Barthelmes, H.; Dirlich, Gerhard; Doerr, P.; Emrich, H. M.; Lindern, L. von; Lund, R.; Pirke, Karl M.

doi:10.1016/0165-1781(85)90028-9

Cited by 68 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Thus, the EOG findings of the current study could receive two different interpretations: either dopamine activity is decreased, or an advance of the circadian cycle might be present, as already some authors have proposed [37,38]. Of course a combination of them could be present but this is not in accord with the results of the current study, since ERG findings were not significant.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Is there a dysfunction in the visual system of depressed patients?

et al. 2005

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Is there a dysfunction in the visual system of depressed patients?

et al. 2005

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“…Depressed subjects showed diurnality or time-of-day fluctuations in mood, with better mood and more energy in the evening. Higher ratings of mood and energy in the evening are representative of many depressed patients (Boivin, 2000;Clark et al, 1989;Reinink et al, 1990;von Zerssen et al, 1985), although some studies report the opposite pattern (Adan and Guardia, 1993;Monk et al, 1992). Men, whether or not depressed, also showed diurnal differences in mood, with better mood in the evening.…”

Section: Transient Mood Testmentioning

confidence: 92%

Olfactory Discrimination and Transient Mood Change in Young Men and Women: Variation by Season, Mood State, and Time of Day

Goel

Grasso

2004

Chronobiology International

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Odor performance varies by clinical state and gender, though little is known about its variation by season or time of day. Many odors, including lavender, induce transient mood changes. This study explored discrimination differences between various lavender oil blends and their effects on transient mood in the morning and evening in depressed and nondepressed adults. We also determined seasonal influences on these measures. A total of 169 subjects, 98 women and 71 men (mean age +/- SD, 19.3 +/- 1.6 y) participated, with different subjects studied at different times of the year. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) classified subjects as depressed (score > or =10; N= 57) or nondepressed (score <10; N= 112). In the discrimination test, subjects compared pairs of two different lavender oil blends or a control. Transient change in mood was assessed by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) after each trial of five lavender blends interspersed by three control odors. Tests were conducted in the morning (08:00-10:00 h) and evening (18:00-20:00h). In all subjects, discrimination was significantly better for some odor pairs than for others, thus demonstrating test specificity. Discrimination was better overall in the fall than winter/spring and better in depressed than nondepressed subjects for specific odor pairs. No significant gender or time-of-day differences in discriminability were detected. There were, however, significant group differences in transient mood profiles. Current depressed state affected mood response, with lavender increasing anger in depressed subjects only. In addition, depressed subjects and men, whether or not depressed, exhibited diurnal mood variation, with better mood in the evening; the former group also showed more evening energy. All subjects were more confused in the morning than evening. Season also affected transient mood; winter/spring-tested subjects reported more vigor than fall-tested subjects. In addition, summer-tested subjects showed more tension in the morning, whereas fall-tested subjects showed the opposite pattern in the evening. In all subjects, lavender increased fatigue, tension, confusion, and total mood disturbance, and it decreased vigor. The study showed that both chronobiological (seasonal and time-of-day) and clinical factors modify discrimination and mood response to odors. Brief lavender odor presentation may serve as a nonphotic method for altering mood in young depressed and nondepressed adults particularly during the fall, a time of heightened discriminability.

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“…For example, there is particularly strong evidence that the affect levels of people with depression improve substantially throughout the day (e.g. von Zerssen et al, 1985;Peeters et al, 2006). Not only do depressed people often feel worse in the morning they also tend to dislike the early hours of the day regarding CORTISOL AND DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN AFFECT pg.5 themselves as evening-types (Hirata, Lima, de Bruin, Nobrega, Wenceslau, & de Bruin, 2007;Hidalgo, Caumo, Posser, Coccaro, Camozzato, & Chaves, 2009).…”

Section: Diurnal Variation Of Affectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of awakening cortisol and psychological distress in diurnal variations in affect: A day reconstruction study.

Daly

Delaney

Doran

et al. 2011

Emotion

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People often feel unhappy in the morning but better later in the day, and this pattern may be amplified in the distressed. Past work suggests that one function of cortisol is to energize people in the mornings. In a study of 174 students we tested to see if daily affect patterns, psychological distress, and awakening cortisol levels were interlinked. Affect levels were assessed using the Day Reconstruction Method (Kahneman, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004) and psychological distress was measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998). On average positive affect increased markedly in a linear pattern across the day whilst negative affect decreased linearly. For the highly distressed this pattern was stronger for positive affect. Lower than average morning cortisol, as assessed by two saliva samples at waking and two samples 30 minutes after waking, predicted a clear increasing pattern of positive affect throughout the day. When we examined the interlinkages between affect patterns, distress, and cortisol our results showed that a pronounced linear increase in positive affect from morning through to evening occurred chiefly among distressed people with below average cortisol levels upon awakening. Psychological distress, whilst not strongly associated with morning cortisol levels, does appear to interact with cortisol levels to profoundly influence affect.

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Circadian rhythms in endogenous depression

Cited by 68 publications

References 18 publications

Is there a dysfunction in the visual system of depressed patients?

Is there a dysfunction in the visual system of depressed patients?

Olfactory Discrimination and Transient Mood Change in Young Men and Women: Variation by Season, Mood State, and Time of Day

The role of awakening cortisol and psychological distress in diurnal variations in affect: A day reconstruction study.

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