Circadian rhythmicity in vertebrate retinas: Regulation by a photoreceptor oscillator

Cahill, Gregory M.; Besharse, Joseph C.

doi:10.1016/1350-9462(94)00001-y

Cited by 208 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…Studies in several vertebrate species have shown that visual sensitivity and other retinal phenomena are regulated by a circadian mechanism (15). In adult zebrafish, rod sensitivity measured behaviorally varied by about 2.2 log units and cone sensitivity changed by 1.4 log units over the course of 24 h (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Zebrafish larvae lose vision at night

Emran

Rihel²,

Adolph³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Darkness serves as a stimulus for vertebrate photoreceptors; they are actively depolarized in the dark and hyperpolarize in the light. Here, we show that larval zebrafish essentially turn off their visual system at night when they are not active. Electroretinograms recorded from larval zebrafish show large differences between day and night; the responses are normal in amplitude throughout the day but are almost absent after several hours of darkness at night. Behavioral testing also shows that larval zebrafish become unresponsive to visual stimuli at night. This phenomenon is largely circadian driven as fish show similar dramatic changes in visual responsiveness when maintained in continuous darkness, although light exposure at night partially restores the responses. Visual responsiveness is decreased at night by at least two mechanisms: photoreceptor outer segment activity decreases and synaptic ribbons in cone pedicles disassemble.photoreceptors | circadian rhythm | synaptic plasticity

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confidence: 99%

Zebrafish larvae lose vision at night

Emran

Rihel²,

Adolph³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Melatonin is synthesized rhythmically-with increased production at night-in most vertebrate retinas (Olcese and Møller, 1989;Cahill et al, 1991;Zawilska and Nowak, 1992;Cahill and Besharse, 1995). Several lines of evidence from multiple species indicate that melatonin is synthesized by retinal photoreceptors (Bubenik et al, 1976(Bubenik et al, , 1978Klein et al, 1996Klein et al, , 1997Niki et al, 1998;Wiechmann and Hollyfield, 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

Daily morphological variations in the viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) retina. Probable local modulatory action of melatonin

Calderón¹,

Mohamed²,

Muñoz³

et al. 2002

Anat. Rec.

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Given that the local melatonin levels exhibit rhythmic daily changes in the retina of the viscacha, we considered it important to study the likely daily variations in morphology and specific 2-[ 125 I]-iodomelatonin binding in retinas from this rodent and to correlate these putative changes with local indole levels. Adult animals of both sexes were captured in their habitat and were kept under a natural photoperiod. For light and electron microscopic studies the viscachas were sacrificed by decapitation at 08:00, 16:00, and 24:00 hr. A computer-assisted image analysis system was used to measure the thickness of the complete retina, the photoreceptor layer, the rod outer and inner segments, and the outer nuclear layer. The daily variation in 2-[ 125 I]-iodomelatonin binding sites was followed during a 24-hr light-dark cycle, the animals being sacrificed at six time points. The parameters studied showed significant variations throughout the 24-hr period. Maximal specific binding, lysosomal content in the pigment epithelium, and photoreceptor layer outer segment thicknesses were observed at 24:00 hr. Close contact between photoreceptor membranes and microvilli of the pigment epithelium was observed at 08:00 and 16:00 hr. Moreover, the minimal outer segment thickness at 16:00 hr was accompanied by a scarcity of dense bodies, such as lysosomes, a maximum dispersion of melanin pigment granules, and a minimum density of radioligand binding sites. Therefore, in the retina of the viscacha, we suggest that the interaction between melatonin and specific sites could be one of the factors or causes that participate in the regulation of the daily morphological changes observed in viscacha.

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“…Circulating melatonin regulates seasonal changes in various aspects of physiology in photoperiodic species (4,5) and has been implicated in the mechanisms that regulate circadian rhythms in some species of birds, reptiles, and mammals (2,3,6,7). A second site of melatonin synthesis is the retina, where it probably acts locally as a paracrine signal to regulate various aspects of retinal physiology (8,9).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the mammalian pinealocyte, the avian pinealocyte is a self-contained melatonin rhythm-generating system; it has an internal clock and photodetectors (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Similarly, a circadian clock is located in Xenopus retinal photoreceptor cells (8,18,19) and pike and zebrafish pinealocytes (20 -22) where it regulates rhythmic synthesis of melatonin. Recent in vitro experiments have also demonstrated that these clock properties exist in mammalian retina (23,24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Chicken SerotoninN-Acetyltransferase Gene

Chong¹,

Bernard²,

Klein

2000

Journal of Biological Chemistry

133

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The abundance of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT) mRNA in the chicken pineal gland exhibits a circadian rhythm, which is translated into a circadian rhythm in melatonin production. Here we have started to elucidate the molecular basis of the circadian rhythm in chicken AANAT (cAANAT). The 5-flanking region of the cAANAT gene was isolated and found to contain an E box DNA element that confers strong luciferase reporter activity. In transfection experiments using chicken pineal cells, an E box mutation dramatically decreased reporter activity. Northern blot analysis indicated that several putative clock genes (bmal1, Clock, and MOP4) are co-expressed in the chicken pineal gland. bmal1 mRNA is expressed in a rhythmic manner in the chicken pineal gland, with peak levels at early subjective night, coincident with the increase in cAANAT expression. Co-transfection experiments in COS cells demonstrated that chicken BMAL1/ CLOCK and human BMAL1/MOP4 heterodimers bound the AANAT E box element and enhanced transcription. These observations suggest that binding of clock gene heterodimers to the cAANAT E box is a critical element in the expression of the cAANAT gene in vitro.

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Circadian rhythmicity in vertebrate retinas: Regulation by a photoreceptor oscillator

Cited by 208 publications

References 172 publications

Zebrafish larvae lose vision at night

Zebrafish larvae lose vision at night

Daily morphological variations in the viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) retina. Probable local modulatory action of melatonin

Characterization of the Chicken SerotoninN-Acetyltransferase Gene

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